Jungna Park Rachel Choi Yunjin Kim Middle East Jungna Park Rachel Choi Yunjin Kim

Ottoman Empire at its peak Ottoman Empire at its peak (conquest) Hungary in the north Through Greece Around Black Sea South Through Syria Across Egypt all the way west to the borders of Morocco.

Perspective of Ottoman They were unstoppable. They were proud of themselves of having many important region in the their part of world. Controlled the trading region in the Europe It was benefit for Ottomans

Ottoman Empire Loses Power During the last 300 years of Empire Steadily declined They had difficulties fitting in to modern world. However, made effort to settle into modern world before they were taken by Imperialistic power. Selim III (1789) he tried to modernize their army But was overthrown Reform movements --> abandon

Ottoman’s Perspective They were not confidence anymore because they were not able to fit in to world that was changing. When Suleiman I passed away, weak sultans followed after him. Because of him and since they were in decline, things were becoming worse. Ruling party broke up financial losses Devalued coin ==> inflation

Indigenous People’s Perspective (Ottoman) Indigenous people or Subjected people were also having hard time because of Theft Many things being stolen, people were “unstable” Inflation Things were becoming expensive while coins were devaluing. People will had hard time buying what they needed. Unemployed ex- soldiers & students ==> problems They would have needed job to earn more money because of inflation.

Countries who wanted Ottoman lands perspective They wanted ottoman’s territories because of their “strategic location” It was Europeans benefit that Ottoman Empire power was declining Europeans --> expanding their territories. Started to search for lands they could conquest. Ottomans’ Territory -- controlled Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade Merchants in landlocked countries, had to go through Black sea (Ottoman lands)

Continued… Ex. Russia wanted passage across the Black Sea & into Mediterranean Sea However this desire lead into “Crimean War”

Summery of Slides 2,3,4,5,6,7&8 Ottoman Empire loses power, and have no way to recover themselves again. They tried to modernize their territories but it never worked out. As the empire weakened, some country wanted their lands. It was benefit for the country who took over Ottoman Empire because their terrorities controlled trading system. As the Ottoman Empire loses their power, their subject also becomes unstable because of inflation and thefts.

Russia and the Crimean War The generations of czars started a war on the ottomans to conquer the land of the Black Sea. In 1853, the war between the Ottoman and Russian began, and was called the Crimean War. The Europeans wanted the Russians to avoid from gaining control of the Ottomans, so they stood on the side of the Ottoman Empire during war. The combined power of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire wined over Russia. The Crimean war was the first war that let woman established themselves as army nurses led by Florence Knighting Gale. It was also the first time being covered by newspaper correspondents.

Perspective of European who helped Ottoman during Crimean War European did not help Ottoman because of their “kindness.” They also wanted the territories of Ottoman Empire They could not let Russia to take over Ottomans’ territories.

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire After the Crimean War was held, the Ottoman Empire started to slowly Decline even though the help of Britain and France; likewise they continued to keep on losing lands The Russian found the Ottomans Empire’s military weakness. The Russian combined forces with the Slavic people who rebelled against the Ottomans. The Ottoman lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia and etc. They were reduced intro a small portion from its former size. Observing the slow declined of the Ottoman Empire, Muslim leaders decided their countries would either have to choose to adjust to the modern world, or be consumed by it. Egypt and Persia both set going to political and social reform to block European domination.

Perspective of indigenous people They started to afraid of decline of Ottoman’s empire They will have to adjust to new cultures They will have to adjust to new rules Many people will die because of the constant war affair. Separation of family

Egypt Tries Reform Created by the French Revolution, Modernization came to Egypt. Egypt’s good location at the head of the Red sea caught France and Britain’s attention. Napoleon failed to win Egypt, and a new leader emerged: Muhammad Ali. The Ottoman sent him to rule Egypt, but he soon broke away. In 1841, he fought many wars in which he gained Syria and Arabia. Through the combined forces of effort, he was recognized as heredity of rulers of Egypt.

Muhammad Tries to modernize Egypt Muhammad Ali began reforms in the military and in the economy. He directed a shift of Egyptian agriculture to a plantation cash crop; cotton. Muhammad’s effort to modernized Egypt kept continued by his grandson. Ismai’l supported the construction of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal was a man-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez. The Suez Canal was opened in 1869, with a huge international celebration. However Ismai’s irrigation projects and communication networks were expensive. Egypt soon realized that they could not pay its European Bankers. SO the British insisted on financial control of the canal, and occupied Egypt.

Summery of Slide 9,10,11,12,13,&14 In 1853, the war between the Ottoman and the Russian began and was called the Crimean War. The French and Britain wanted the Russians to not gain control of the ottomans, so they stood on the side of the Ottoman during war. The combined power of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire wined over Russia. Also the Crimean was the first war that let woman established them as army nurses during the war, and to be covered by newspaper correspondents. But after the war, the Ottoman Empire started to Decline. Russia combined forces with the Slavic people and rebelled against the Ottomans. The Empire started to lose its land; they were reduced intro a small portion from its former size. Russia combined forces with the Slavic people and rebelled against the Ottomans. Egypt and Persia both started set going to political and social reform to block European domination. Created by the French Revolution, Modernization came to Egypt. Napoleon failed to win Egypt, and a new leader emerged: Muhammad Ali. Muhammad’s effort to modernized Egypt kept continued Egypt soon realized that they could not pay its European Bankers. Sothe British insisted on financial control of the canal, and occupied Egypt

European Perspective toward Persia Persia is like a golden land for us because we discovered oil in that place. Our interest in that region increased rapidly. Anglo - Persian company developed Persia's rich oil fields in the early 1900s. We gained control in Muslim lands by using economic imperialism and we provided them modernization.

Perspective of Persia toward European Persian - Russia and Britain competed to discover and exploit Persia and tried to conquer them by rule over them. Britain used Afghanistan as a buffer between its territory, India and Russia. This is not fair that Britain are trying to use all of our region's oil. This land is not even their land. It is a good thing that Europeans are developing our land; many Persian actually follow Europeans and those Persian agree to them. However, still many people in Persia are against Europe because we do not feel that those Europeans are being fair to us.

Summery of Slide 16 &17 Russia and Britain were competing against each other to exploit Persia and to bring that country under their own territory. Russia was interested in Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; Britain, Afghanistan to use that place as a buffer between India and Russia. Britain discovered oil in Persia in 1908. Their interest in Persia increased and Europeans began to build oil companies in that place. Some people in Persia wanted to sell concessions to Europeans and some did not, especially religious leaders did not want any change or Western influences in their country. European imperialists gained control by using influencing them economically. Some government actually tried to accept modernism.