New self-created independent states

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Presentation transcript:

New self-created independent states (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Turkey) New independent states created under colonial powers (e.g. Iraq) New states still under colonial control (e.g. Lebanon, Syria, Palestine Transjordan [mod. Jordan])

Map Link: The Middle East in the Inter-War Period: <https://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/interwar-mideast.gif>

1798-1801 French occupation of Egypt 1805-48 Reign of Muhammad ‘Ali 1859-69 Construction of Suez Canal 1882 Egyptian army seizes control of government. British intervene and take control of state 1892-1914 Reign of ‘Abbas Hilmi II

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905) Muhammad Tawfiq (r. 1879-92) Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905) Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer (d. 1917) Mustafa Kamil (d. 1908)

May 1906 Dinshaway incident 1913 New Legislative Assembly set up in Egypt. Abduh’s Umma (Nation) party takes majority 1914-18 World War I 1917 British start drafting Egyptians into army

1918 Sa‘d Zaghlul (d. 1927) demands permission to take his Wafd (delegation) to London to discuss independence - refused 1919 Deportation of Zaghlul and co. leads to Egyptian riots

1919 British allow Zaghlul and co. to attend Paris Peace Conference, but they are ignored 1922 British grant Egypt independence

1923 Constitution set up. Former Ottoman governor Fu’ad I becomes king. Parliament headed by Zaghlul and Wafd 1924 British head of Egyptian army killed. Zaghlul resigns

1930 Ismail Sidqi becomes Prime Minister. Sets up new constitution to bar Wafdists from power and give self effective dictatorship 1933 King dismisses Sidqi 1935 Constitution of 1923 re-issued in face of popular pressure 1936 Wafd sweeps elections. Treaty made with British

Hasan al-Banna (1906-49) 1928 Hasan al-Banna sets up Muslim Brotherhood Welfare programmes “Secret Apparatus”

1948 Egyptian Prime Minister assassinated by Muslim Brother 1949 Hasan al-Banna killed. Government does not investigate

Nationalism in both secular and religious forms Role of public opinion

Hasan al-Banna (1906-49) Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) Abu’l A‘la Mawdudi (1903-79)