Continuous Codes and Standards Improvement International Conference on Hydrogen Safety Yokohama, Japan Carl Rivkin, P.E. (presenter), Robert Burgess, and William Buttner (NREL) 19 October 2015

Outline Baseline Codes and Standards for deployment of hydrogen technologies The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) code revision process The Continuous Codes and Standards Improvement Process (CCSI) CCSI applied to develop specific projects Conclusions

Baseline Codes and Standards Existing hydrogen technology codes and standards addressed industrial applications New codes and standards required for initial deployment of new fuel cell technologies despite high level of uncertainty and unknowns This phase completed in 2013 These new codes and standards will likely see significant change as deployment proceeds Identifying required codes and standards changes is needed to match codes and standards to developing technology and information on field performance USDOE supported this initial codes and standards development effort through: Research on hydrogen release behavior and combustion Component testing Coordination of codes and standards development among Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) Integration of release frequency data with CFD hydrogen dispersion analyses

The American National Standards Institute Process Most North American Standards Development Organizations comply with the ANSI process Key elements of this process include: Transparent in all phases of code development Multiple opportunities for public input and review Balanced autonomous technical committees responsible for document development Documented revision process Defined committee and document scope Required revision process to update documents

The CCSI Process Given the incipient stage of hydrogen technologies deployment changes will be needed A systematic process for making codes and standards changes should be more effective A process that meshes with existing processes is the most efficient The CCSI process builds on the ANSI process that most SDOs must follow

Continuous Codes and Standards Improvement The Continuous Codes and Standards Improvement (CCSI) process includes: Field evaluation of codes and standards through NREL data and other sources Identification of issues in field performance Prioritization of issues Identification of research or testing required to address issues in modified codes and standards Code proposals based on research or testing Modified codes and standards The CCSI process Numerous accounts of issues with siting hydrogen storage systems per NFPA 2 and Sandia evaluation of issue NFPA Bulk Hydrogen Storage Task formed in 2014 – NREL led with Sandia Evaluate both gaseous and liquefied hydrogen storage requirements Will submit proposals to modify NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code/NFPA 2 Hydrogen technologies Code

CCSI Projects- NFPA Hydrogen Storage Task Group Scope/Methodology Setback Distances Develop a codified technical basis for the gaseous and liquefied bulk hydrogen storage setback distances and codified safety measures that allow for reductions in setback distances that reside in NFPA 55 Compressed Gas and Cryogenic Fluids Code and NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code Use established data sources and processes including: -dispersion modeling of hydrogen releases to estimate impacts - risk informed analyses to account for event frequencies -industry knowledge of processes and incidents -incident information in DOE and NREL data bases Setback distances from bulk storage of up to 46 feet For NREL high pressure system 34 feet to lot lines and air intakes

CCSI Projects- Hydrogen Code Improvement Group  NREL supported code writing activity Purpose: Enact change (improvements) in hydrogen codes and standards. Identify areas where codes and standards related to hydrogen need improvement, especially related to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their related infrastructure, and take action to move the needed changes forward. Emphasis will be on top tier codes and standards with a specific emphasis on: The International Code Set (I-Codes) International Fire Code, International Building Code, International Fuel Gas Code. NFPA 1 (Top tier model fire code for “NFPA” states) NFPA 2, 55 Local Codes (e.g., California Fire Code, New York City Fire Code & Port Authority, City of Los Angeles)

CCSI Projects- Hydrogen Component Testing ESIF high pressure test bays allow for safe operation of hydrogen systems, and end-of-life component testing Current Projects: PRD testing Determine H2 induced failures in pressure relief devices Hose testing Determine failure modes from stressing 700-bar hoses under realistic temperature, pressure and mechanical bending conditions. High pressure compression Test failure modes and durability for H2 compressors Capabilities: High ventilation to dilute leaks. Safely mitigates overpressure conditions, with blow out panels Remote data and cameras Hydrogen supply & gas monitoring Chiller Class 1 Div. 2 PRD: Replicate known failure under controlled laboratory conditions Use valves that are “designed to fail” (use of high strength material under tensile loading) Example: NREL funded testing of glass wrapped COPV to show performance based test is capable of failing cylinder known to fail when exposed to acid Phase I test: Laboratory control of stressors that include pressure loading and temperature cycling Phase II test (if needed to produce failure): Additional stressors include pressure cycling, humidity, vibration, and induced flaws Hose: By working closely with the original equipment manufacturer, Spir Star and other stakeholders, NREL’s hose reliability R&D project aims to improve the reliability and reduce the cost of 700 bar hydrogen refueling hose assemblies. NREL has designed a test system that unifies the four stresses to which the hose is subjected (P, T, t and Mechanical) The high-cycling autonomous test apparatus is designed to reveal the compounding impacts of high volume 700 bar fuel cell electric vehicle refueling that has yet to be experienced in today’s low-volume market.

Conclusions The CCSI process has been implemented by NREL for approximately a year but the process has already shown the potential to produce valuable results. These developing results include the following; Evaluating bulk hydrogen storage setback distances Drafting new code text Hydrogen component testing New directions; Increased technology standardization producing more streamlined code requirements More field data to better target maintenance and testing requirements More integration into codes and standards requirements for conventional vehicle fuel infrastructure.

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