Energy and Photosynthesis

Energy Types of energy: Solar Wind Electrical Mechanical Hydro “Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things happen, or, in the case of stored or potential energy, has the "potential" to make things happen.” Types of energy: Solar Wind Electrical Mechanical Hydro Chemical Nuclear Heat Energy is neither created nor destroyed it just changes form

How do Organisms get Energy?

Autotrophs (Producers) Have the ability to make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals found in their environment

Heterotrophs (Consumers) Organisms that use other organisms as their food

Breakdown dead organisms or the waste of organisms as a food source Decomposers Breakdown dead organisms or the waste of organisms as a food source

Food Web Tertiary consumers Producer Secondary consumers Primary consumers

Biological Energy (Food Energy Converted to ATP in the mitochondria) (Adenosine triphosphate) 3 components: 1. Adenine Nitrogen base 3. Phosphate Group 2. Ribose 5 carbon sugar In a cell the phosphates are ionized

How Cells Use ATP Energy Equation Release of energy ATP ADP + P Storage of energy Where does the P go? Phosphorylation: W + ATP -----> W~P + ADP where W is any compound, for example: glucose + ATP -----> glucose~P + ADP Glucose is prevented from leaving the cell with the P attached.

How do Cells Use ATP? Mechanical - muscle contraction, cell movement Transport - active transport, pumping ions Chemical - activation of molecules, biosynthesis

3 negative charges bonded together - repel one another ATP / Glucose ATP is unstable Why? 3 negative charges bonded together - repel one another ATP can’t be stored

ATP / Glucose Within the bonds of glucose there is 90x the energy of Glycogen is stored energy

So...Where does all of the ATP, Glucose, Energy.. come from?

What would be the reverse of this? Photosynthesis Process that turns the sun’s energy into chemical (food) energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 What would be the reverse of this?

Ingredients for Photosynthesis Light Energy Plant Pigments Chloroplast Electron carrier molecules - NADPH

What is Light? Electromagnetic spectrum - different types of radiation Radiation is energy that spreads out as it travels through space

Artist - Marco Casagrande Photons Artist - Marco Casagrande Light energy Wavelike particles Amount of energy depends on the wavelength Shorter the wavelength the more energy Violet has the shortest wavelength and then the most energy

White Light / Visible Light 380 - 750 nm Human eye sees different wavelengths as different colors The color we see is the wavelength reflected back at us the others are absorbed

Plant Pigments Pigments are light absorbing molecules Primary Photosynthetic Pigment is Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a absorbs violet red, reflects blue green Chlorophyll b absorbs blue red, reflects yellow green Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b Carotenes - reflects orange Anthocyanins -reflects red Xanthopylls - reflects yellow

Chlorophyll a and b Always bonded to a protein Porphyrin ring Many double bonds that allow it to absorb solar energy and transfer the energy to an electron, exciting it to a higher energy level The excited electron is from the protein - chlorophyll complex, and is passed on to another molecule

Light - Dependent Reactions Chloroplasts Light - Dependent Reactions Thlakoid / Grana Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions) Stroma

Electron Carrier NADPH Molecule that can capture high energy electrons and transfer them to other molecules NADP+ + 2e + H+ ---> NADPH

Light - Dependent Reactions

Calvin Cycle