SQL in Oracle

Basic commands in SQL Create Creates a table, view, domain, etc. Drop Drops a table, view, domain, etc. Insert Adds a row of data to a table or view. Delete Deletes rows of data from table. Update Changes data in a table or view. Select Retrieves rows from a table or view.

Insertions Insert a record into a table INSERT INTO students (sid, name, age, gpa) VALUES (12, ‘Mike Patton’, 19, 3.4) Insert results of query into a table INSERT INTO tablename (attr1, attr2, …) SELECT … FROM … WHERE …;

Example Employee (ssn, fname, minit, lname, address, salary) Department (dno, dname, mgrssn) Manager (ssn, fname, minit, lname, dname) INSERT INTO managers SELECT mgrssn, fname, minit, lname, dname FROM employee, department WHERE mgrssn = ssn;

Basic Data Types char(size) Stores fixed-length character data, with a maximum size of 2,000. varchar(size) Stores variable-length character data, with a maximum size of 4,000. number(l) Stores numeric data for integers, where “l” stands for the number of digits. number(l,d) Stores numeric data for floats, where “l” stands for the number of digits before the decimal point, and “d” for the number of decimal digits. Date Stores dates from January 1,4712 B.C. to December 31, 9999 A.D. (e.g.: 21-NOV-1996)

Basic SQL*plus Commands Purpose RUN Lists and executes the SQL command or PL/SQL block currently stored in the SQL buffer START Executes the contents of the specified command file (.sql) SAVE Saves the contents of the SQL buffer in a host operating system file (a command file) GET Loads a host operating system file into the SQL buffer DESCRIBE (DESC) Lists the column definitions for the specified table, view, or synonym or the specifications for the specified function or procedure LIST Lists one or more lines of the SQL buffer EDIT Invokes a host operating system text editor on the contents of the specified file or on the contents of the buffer PASSWORD Allows you to change a password of the SQL*plus account

Getting Help To get online help for SQL commands, type HELP at the command prompt followed by the name of the command. SQL>HELP CREATE To get all the commands in the system: SQL>HELP COMMAND

A Complete Example Step1: Execute contents in file SQL> start createall.sql Step2: see the all the tables or views SQL> select * from tab; Step3: Describe table SQL> describe customer

Cont. Step4: type the SQL command to buffer SQL>select firstname, lastname, orderid 2 from customer, order_ 3 where customer.customerid = order_.customerid Step5: edit the SQL buffer SQL>edit Step6: Execute the SQL in buffer SQL> run or SQL>/

Cont. Step7: Show the contents in SQL buffer SQL> list Step8: Save SQL Buffer to File SQL> save try Step9: Read buffer from File SQL> get try Step10: append SQL Buffer to the end of the File SQL> save try app

Insert data into tables (data.sql) /* Customer Table */ insert into customer values(9,'Brad','Pitt','(237) 369-8524','Morgan Street','Apt. 12','Minneapolis','MN','78922'); insert into customer values(10,'Bart','Simpson','(706) 852-9874','Box 9874',NULL,'Reading','MA','96521'); /* Product Table */ insert into product values(1,'Microsoft SQL Sever 2000','Microsoft',1500,1800); insert into product values(2,'Oracle 8i Server','Oracle Corporation',7000,9500); /* Order Table */ insert into order_ values(1,to_date('12-AUG-2000'),1); insert into order_ values(2,to_date('15-JUL-2000'),6);

SQL*Loader SQL*Loader loads data from external files into tables of an Oracle database.

A simple control file (customer.ctl) LOAD DATA INFILE * INTO TABLE customer FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (customerID, firstName, lastName, phone, address1, address2, city, state, zip) BEGINDATA 1, Zhen, Liu, (662) 325-8073, Box 1111, NULL, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, 2, Giovanni, Modica, (662) 324-5772, Box 2618, NULL, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, 3, Tom, Cruise, (987) 456-0515, Nash Street, Apt #1, Los Angeles, CA, 58746, 4, Alicia, Silverstone, (662) 323-4624, Box 2345, NULL, Starkville, MS, 39759, 5, Cristina, Aguilera, (276) 587-9851, Sunset Boulevard, Number 5, Orlando, FL,56984, 6, Silvester, Stallone, (873) 632-9651, Main Street, Apt B, Portland, OR, 48751, 7, Bill, Gates, (759) 695-7541, University Drive, NULL, New York, NY, 69354, 8, Britney, Spears, (456) 325-9654, Bourbon Street, Number 34G, Miami, FL, 12547, 9, Kim, Basinger, (981) 741-8526, 5th Avenue, NULL, Houston, TX, 69541, 10, Brad, Pitt, (237) 369-8524, Morgan Street, Apt. 12, Minneapolis, MN, 78922, 11, Bart, Simpson, (706) 852-9874, Box 9874, NULL, Reading, MA, 96521

Descriptions of the control file The LOAD DATA statement is required at the beginning of the control file INFILE * specifies that the data is found in the control file and not in an external file The INTO TABLE statement is required to identify the table to be loaded (customer) into. By default, SQL*Loader requires the table to be empty before it inserts any records FIELDS TERMINATED BY specifies that the data is terminated by commas, but may also be enclosed by quotation marks The names of columns of the table to load are enclosed in parentheses BEGINDATA specifies the beginning of the data

Another Control File Example LOAD DATA INFILE ‘customer.dat’ INTO TABLE customer FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',‘ OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' (customerID, firstName, lastName, phone, address1, address2, city, state, zip) Data are stored in an external file customer.dat

Invoking SQL*Loader sqlldr username/password Construct a loading file myload.ldr: sqlload xt1/xt1 control=customer.ctl sqlload xt1/xt1 control=product.ctl