Pioneer identification of fake tiger claws using morphometric and DNA-based analysis in wildlife forensics in India Vipin, Vinita Sharma, Chandra Prakash.

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Pioneer identification of fake tiger claws using morphometric and DNA-based analysis in wildlife forensics in India Vipin, Vinita Sharma, Chandra Prakash Sharma, Ved Prakash Kumar, Surendra Prakash Goyal Forensic Science International Volume 266, Pages 226-233 (September 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Photographs of seized claws (n=18). Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Points used for claw measurements. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Keratinous claw sheath of tiger claw with a uniform curved line seen (A); grinding marks on surface of seized claw (B) and air bubbles and white thread-like structure observed in four seized claws (C). Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 X-rays showing varying keratin density in tiger (A) and leopard (B) claws and homogeneous density in the seized claws (C). Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Discrimination of tiger, leopard and seized claws on the basis of canonical discriminant functions. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Visualization of genomic DNA and PCR products on 0.8% and 2.0% agarose gels, respectively. Lane 1 shows the genomic DNA of one of the four claws. Lanes 4 and 7 show the PCR-amplified products of the cyt b and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Lanes 2, 5 and 8 are negative controls. Lanes 3, 6 and 9 show a molecular weight marker of 100bp. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 BLAST search using cyt b (A) and 16S rRNA (B) on the NCBI, USA database. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 NJ trees of cyt b (A) and 16S rRNA (B). The numerical values at the nodes represent the bootstrap values above 50% with 1000 replicates. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Suggested hierarchical process for differentiation of tiger/leopard claws from fake claws. Forensic Science International 2016 266, 226-233DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.024) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions