Endocrine System Chapter 11

Combining Forms for the Endocrine System aden/o gland adenoma adren/o adrenal gland adrenotrophic adrenal/o adrenalopathy crin/o to secrete endocrine dips/o thirst polydipsia

Combining Forms for the Endocrine System gluc/o sugar glucogenic glucos/o glucose glyc/o hyperglycemia glycos/o glycosuria hormon/o hormone hormonal (an urging on)

Combining Forms for the Endocrine System pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis thym/o thymus gland thymoma thyr/o thyroid gland thyrotoxic (shield)

Endocrine System

Functions of the Endocrine Glands

Functions of the Endocrine Glands (continued)

Endocrine System Overview Glands secrete hormones which affect function of targeted organs

Endocrine System Overview (continued) adrenal glands located next to each kidney adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Endocrine System Overview pancreas (islets of Langerhans) located behind the stomach functions to secrete insulin and glucagon parathyroid glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck functions to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Endocrine System Overview pineal gland Located in the center of the brain Secretes melatonin and serotonin

Endocrine System Overview ovaries located one on each side of the uterus secretes estrogen — Responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction progesterone

Endocrine System Overview testes located one on each side within the scrotum in the male functions to secrete testosterone

Endocrine System Overview pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) Located at the base of the brain Secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone and prolactin posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) Releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Endocrine System Overview Thyroid gland located in the front of the neck secretes triiodothyronine, thyroxine and calcitonin

Thyroid Disorders Low TSH High TSH Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Increase in metabolism Graves disease TX – anti-thyroid medications Methimazole Propylthiouracil Hypothyroidism Decrease in metabolism Hashimoto’s Disease Tx – thyroid medications Synthroid Levothyroxine Hypotyroidism sluggishness or feel weak, depressed and tired, chronic fatigue syndrome, problems thinking, difficulty breathing, muscle cramps or specific joint pain, uncontrollable weight gain, dry skin, constipation, menstrual problems, hot flashes, PMS, increased menstrual flow, miscarriage or infertility.

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

Terms to know… DM Insulin Glucosuria BS or CBG Cushing Syndrome Goiter Type 1 & 2 Insulin Glucosuria BS or CBG Cushing Syndrome Excessive production by the adrenal gland of cortisol or taking too much of a corticosteroid. Goiter Parathyroid Hyper or hypocalcemia Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on occasion, diabetes. Guys may end up with gynecomastia. Facial hair in women. Will have personality changes. Changes in skin appearance (thin skin). GI stress. Increase in GI acid/upset. Cushing's syndrome has many possible causes including tumors within the adrenal gland, adrenal gland stimulating hormone (ACTH) produced from cancer such as lung cancer, and ACTH excessively produced from a pituitary tumors within the brain. ACTH is normally produced by the pituitary gland (located in the center of the brain) to stimulate the adrenal glands' natural production of cortisol, especially in times of stress. This project was funded at $3,000,000 (100% of its total cost) from a grant awarded under the Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training Grants, as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. Rogue Community College is an equal opportunity employer/program. Auxiliary aids and services, alternate form and language services are available to individuals with disabilities and limited English proficiency free of cost upon request.   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.