Ch 6 before Islam Life of Muhammed, intro Islam 101 Umayyads Abbasids

before Islam clans sheyks Mecca bedouin nomadic culture - camel caravans - clusters of tribal groups, depended on each other in harsh environments (kinship) - leader of clans, large herds, several wives interclan rivalry - limited resources, slaves, battles - trade city, Umayyad clan, Ka’ba Medina - Muhammad, date palms, oasis, multi-clan clans sheyks Mecca

before Islam women w/ key economic roles (varied by clan) men traveled, descent through female, initial polygamy -> changed with more trade little material culture, mainly poetry religion of animism, polytheism

Islam 101 CONTEXT outside pressure - Byzantine (Rome) and Sassanids (Persia) monotheism - Christianity and Judaism in Mesopotamia Muhammad - life of bedouin merchant raised by uncle into trading clan, caravan journeys married widow, Kadijah… inspired for deeper purposes revelations to him from Allah through angel Gabriel (Qu’ran)

Islam 101 hijra _______ fled to Medina, escape Umayyad (clan) pressures Quraysh (tribe), first year 622, with help of Ali 628 - triumphant return to Mecca _________- community of faithful, united tribes/clans morality, healed deep economic rifts (__________- tithing) accepted teachings of Christianity, Judaism added FIVE PILLARS umma zakat

ISLAM 101 - 5 pillars faith - “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet” pray 5 times a day facing Mecca fast during Ramadan zakat offering to the faith hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Ka’ba

Ka’ba before Islam

Ka’ba today

Umayyad expansion ARAB Ridda Wars empire - more __________ than Islam (few conversions) Ridda Wars - Abu Bakr united Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia _________ - religious unity of Arabs, material gain vulnerable Persians (Sasanian), decline Zoroastrianism stronger Byzantines, but… Arabs helped by smaller sects like Copts and Nestorians 640 Arab expanse into Egypt, naval controls of Eastern Mediterranean ARAB Ridda Wars

Umayyad expansion Poiters mawali jizwa dhimmi end of 7th century- intro central Asia early 8th - nw India, n Africa, Spain 732: __________ stopped by Franks in central France Damascus - political capital, Arab minority __________- converts, didn’t gain benefits still paid taxes (_________), couldn’t be in military ___________: people of the book, accepted Poiters mawali jizwa dhimmi

Poitiers / Battle of Tours “A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland….Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford, and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet.” Edward Gibbons

Poitiers According to Bernard Lewis, "The Arab historians, if they mention this engagement [the Battle of Tours] at all, present it as a minor skirmish,"[60] and Gustave von Grunebaum writes: "This setback may have been important from the European point of view, but for Muslims at the time, who saw no master plan imperilled thereby, it had no further significance."

Umayyad Empire

Umayyad succession Sunni Shi’a Abu Bakr - 1st caliph, 632-634, well connected, victorious 3rd caliph, Uthman (Umayyad)- killed ________- selection of most qualified leader, Umayyad Ali - cousin of Muhammad, young warrior took over after Uthman’s death, never gained favor of Umayyad powerful, never punished Uthman’s murderer, assassinated by Ummayads Ali’s grandson, Husayn, lost at Karbala, 680 and promised to resist Umayyad caliphate, _______ Sunni Shi’a

Sunni vs. Shia / Shiite

Hussein - lost at Karbala, descendent of Muhammad

Umayyad women Qu’ran stressed moral aspects of marriage, banned infanticide, legal divorce hadiths (traditions) describe roles of women - politics, scholarship, leading prayers strict clothing and limits came later

Umayyad decline Damascus luxury lifestyle in ____________- got away from traditional teachings of Muhammad frontier armies challenged caliph in 700’s Shi’a, Abbasids, mawali (converts w/o benefits) Battle of River Zab, 750 - defeat of Umayyad most family members killed, one to Cordoba (Spain) Will rule Southern Spain until 1400’s Damascus

Nice video review

Abbasid rise Baghdad quickly turned on former allies like Shi’a accepted mawali, encouraged additional converts tax, slave exceptions; chance of jobs, schools moved capital to _____________ wazier - chief administrator, represented increased bureaucracy and organization Baghdad

Abbasid power age of urban expansion, increased trade gov support for trade, repaid by merchants growth of mosques, palaces, schools recovered G and R learning, added Jewish experts Indian number system, Chinese inventions growth of artisan class, but still slaves = unskilled labor landownership dominated non urban majority

Abbasid empire

discussion - is it on the test?

misunderstandings