An attempt to return to normal… Post WWII America An attempt to return to normal…

When war ended in 1945, Americans were jubilant When war ended in 1945, Americans were jubilant! But returning soldiers would face challenges upon their return

Challenges for Returning Soldiers “Not so long ago when the bullets screamed, many was the happy dream I dreamed”…….”Now the mighty war over there is won, troubles and trials have just begun. As I face that terrible enemy sign, “No Vacancy”” Industrial output declined dramatically after WWII, which meant less jobs… Millions returned from war with no hope of finding a job and thus experienced economic distress..

The GI Bill June 1944- President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act aka the GI Bill Included: Features aimed at helping veterans make a smooth entry into civilian life Provided money for veterans to attend college or receive advanced job training Arranged loans for those wishing to buy homes Provided help in finding employment

American Life The GI Bill helped returning soldiers return to normal, but the nation also began to go through major social changes post WWII…. Consumerism American industry transformed back to its pre- war condition, producing American consumer goods Consumers responded and began to buy, buy, buy!! Baby Boom During the 1950s, American experienced a dramatic increase in the birthrate

America gets the H-Bomb Throughout the 1950s, America kept adding to their stockpile of nuclear weapons and even developed a new one……the hydrogen bomb. Hydrogen Bomb- a fusion of hydrogen atoms Creates a blast hundreds of time more powerful than an atomic bomb Many scientists argued against it, because it was so powerful November 1, 1952- America tested their first H- Bomb, nicknamed “Mike” The island that the bomb was tested on vanished after the blast….

The Soviets Get a Bomb! Now what?

The Soviets Get a Bomb! August 1953- The Soviets finally caught up to the United States and tested their own hydrogen bomb Now, each side of the cold war tension had nuclear weapons  created even more tension and fear of each other

The Arms Race Throughout the 1950s, the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union began to be a race – a race to see which nation could create and have the most advanced technology America Soviet Union 1952- 1st H-Bomb 1954- Launches a nuclear powered submarine 1957- test a missile with a 2,000 mile range 1958- Launches a satellite 1958- NASA is formed to lead US space exploration programs 1953- tests H-Bomb 1957- Soviets test a missile with a 4,000 mile range 1957- Soviets launch the first satellite into space, Sputnik Sputnik II is launched carrying the first living being into space…a dog

Fear of Nuclear War Fallout Shelters Another consequence of the Cold War tension and arms race was widespread fear of nuclear war. Americans prepared for anything… Fallout Shelters Nuclear Fallout- streams of radioactive particles produced by nuclear explosions – exposure can cause burns and future health problems As a way to protect against fallout, Americans built bomb shelters Shelters were even thought to protect against a nuclear attack May be near homes…even in the backyard! FCDA- Federal Civil Defense Administration- to help educate and prepare the public for nuclear emergencies Books Educational films Practice drills (Operation Alert) and air-raid sirens

Duck and Cover http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1MQ4eyg6U4&feature=fvst Infamous Duck and Cover cartoon - YouTube

Daisy Commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63h_v6uf0Ao Lyndon Johnson - Daisy - YouTube

Second Red Scare & McCarthyism

Nuclear Fear  Social Hysteria Fear of communists soon became a fear of the spread of communism to America. Could they have spies here? What may occur if a communist is within our borders?? HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee Committee that investigated the full range of radical groups in the United States, especially communists Hollywood Ten The most famous HUAC investigation whose goal was to explore possible communist influence in the American film industry Ten suspected communists refused to answer questions about their beliefs and were found guilty of contempt of Congress – sentenced to a year in jail. Caused many other to name drop Those that refused to provide names  blacklisted

Nuclear Fear  Social Hysteria Smith Act 1949 This law made it a crime to call for the overthrow of the US government or belong to an organization that did so McCarran Act 1950 Required Communist organizations to register with the government and established a special board to investigate Communist involvement Also prevented Communists from entering the United States Spies Several cases involving spying for the Soviet Union were given national attention throughout the 1940s – several were found to have given atomic secrets to the Soviet Union One couple- Ethel and Julius Rosenberg- were accused of being leaders of a spy ring- they refused to answer questions- found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage – received the death sentence and were executed in 1953

The Rosenbergs

Joseph McCarthy

Joseph McCarthy Republican Senator from Wisconsin Claimed he had the names of over 200 government officials that were Communists Created a national up-roar McCarthy never produced the list of names and a Senate Committee found no evidence of communists, the damage had already been done… Held Senate hearings– televised all over the U.S. McCarthyism- tactic of spreading fear & making baseless charges