The History and Evolution of the Internet Web Design – Section 1-1

The Internet Objective: To understand the design of the Internet

Question What is the Internet?

The Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that interchange data by packet switching using the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Now consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies.

The Internet Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15, 2005 data. This graph represents less than 30% of the reachable internet. Colors: Dark blue: net, ca, us Green: com, org Red: mil, gov, edu Yellow: jp, cn, tw, au, de Magenta: uk, it, pl, fr Gold: br, kr, nl White: unknown English: Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15, 2005 data found on opte.org. Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two IP addresses. The length of the lines are indicative of the delay between those two nodes. This graph represents less than 30% of the Class C networks reachable by the data collection program in early 2005. Lines are color-coded according to their corresponding RFC 1918 allocation as follows: Dark blue: net, ca, us Green: com, org Red: mil, gov, edu Yellow: jp, cn, tw, au, de Magenta: uk, it, pl, fr Gold: br, kr, nl White: unknown

The Internet Another way to look at a map of the internet is look at the traffic to certain sites. http://internet-map.net The map of the Internet is a photo shot of the global network as of end of 2011. It encompasses over 350 thousand websites from 196 countries and all domain zones.  The red zone at the top corresponds to Russian segment of the net, the yellow one on the left stands for the Chinese segment, the purple one on the right is Japanese, the large light-blue central one is the American segment, etc.

A Brief History of the Internet The Internet began as ARPAnet, a U.S. Department of Defense project to create a nationwide computer network that would continue to function even if a large portion of it were destroyed in a nuclear war or natural disaster. 1957 - USSR launches Sputnik. 1958 - US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military

A Brief History of the Internet 1962 –J.C.R. Licklider of MIT pictured a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. He called it the "Galactic Network" concept. 1965 - Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts connected a computer in Massachusetts to one in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first wide-area computer network. 1969 - The physical network was constructed linking four nodes: University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah

A Brief History of the Internet October 29, 1969 – The first message is send on the ARPANET. This record is an excerpt from the log at UCLA: I was supervising the student/programmer Charley Kline (CSK) and we set up a message transmission to go from the UCLA SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer. The transmission itself was simply to "login" to SRI from UCLA. We succeeded in transmitting the "l" and the "o" and then the system crashed! Hence, the first message on the Internet was "Lo". We were able to do the full login about an hour later. 1971 – The first 15 nodes are created on ARPANET

A Brief History of the Internet 1972 - Ray Tomlinson modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen for email addresses. 1973 - First international connections to the ARPANET 1980 - ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October 27th due to a virus 1986 - The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet.

A Brief History of the Internet 1992 – The term “Surfing the web” is coined by coined by Jean Armour Polly 1994 – You can order pizza from Pizza Hut online 1994 - W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) is formed. W3C mission is: “To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.” W3C primarily pursues its mission through the creation of Web standards and guidelines. Since 1994, W3C has published more than 110 such standards

The Internet Definitions Browser: The tool used to access the internet. Examples are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and now Chrome. Hyperlink: A word, phrase or picture that when clicked will take the user to another location. HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The language of the web URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Tells where a file is located among all the computers that are part of the Internet Format: protocol://domain/path

The Internet Definitions - URL protocol://domain/path Protocol:  tells the computer what kind of coding to expect. http:// (hypertext transfer protocol) is the most common ftp:// (File Transfer Protocol) Domains: .com for commercial, .gov for government, .edu for educational institution, .org for organization, .mil for military, and .net for network. Can also reflect the country (http://www.cps.k12.il.us/)

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Established in 1994 Tim Berners-Lee has served as the director Based at MIT W3C (World Wide Consortium) Established in 1994 to develop standards and guidelines for the Web Tim Berners-Lee has served as the director Based at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 14

The First Generation of Web Design Static pages Navigation hyperlinks Guest books Forms sent via e-mail Early example http://www.dejavu.org/1994win.htm First Generation Web Design Static pages with basic structures Navigation achieved by clicking hyperlinks Use of guest books Forms sent via e-mail Early examples http://www.dejavu.org/1994win.htm http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/firstpages.shtml 15

The First Generation of Web Design Non-compliance with standards by browsers Limited by technology Small monochrome monitors Dial-up connectivity Slow Internet connection First Generation Web Design Non-compliancy of standards by browsers Pages not rendered properly in all browsers Limited by technology Small monochrome monitors Dial-up connectivity Slow Internet connection 16

Second Generation of Web Design Online presence for businesses was essential Interactivity of the Web 24-hour access Global reach Ability to present product information 17

Second Generation of Web Design Intuitive, user-friendly navigation system Use of forms Focus on content Banners, frames, and tables Blinking text, hit counters, marquees “This site is best viewed in …” http://archive.org/web/web.php 18

Third Generation of Web Design Sites designed to target specific audience Focus on content Intuitive, user-friendly navigation systems Use of forms, splash page, CSS, and portals 19

Fourth Generation of Web Design – Web 2.0 Participatory, interactive, and personalized Compliance with Web standards Consistent design for professional look Usability and accessibility issues Careful selection of typography 20

Fourth Generation of Web Design Dynamically-generated content by the user Content-authoring tools for editing Internet privacy Social networking, video sharing Rounded corners, subtle 3D effects Larger text 21

Fourth Generation of Web Design Open Source File Sharing Freemium Business Model Web Services 22

New Tools of Web 2.0 Wikis Blogs Podcast (derived from iPod and broadcast) New Tools of Web 2.0 Wiki allows users to modify online content using authoring tools Blog is derived from Web log which is an online conversation, commentary, or journal Podcast is derived form iPod and broadcast which is a digital file consisting of music, audio, and video converted into an MP3 file or other format to be played on a computer or hand-held device 23

Summary Work During this lesson, you learned: The History and Impact of the Web The Evolution of Web Design The History and Impact of Web Technologies Work Complete the worksheet in the google doc – Homework 1-1 This is the last slide of the presentation. 24