Introduction – Planning 101 In what ways does planning influences the way we live?

Outline Introduction I. How does planning influences land use and built environment? Different forms of zoning Planning procedures in NSW Master Planning II. How does built environment influences the way we live? Built environment & how we work Built environment & how we rest Built environment & how we play

Introduction Planning decisions have a long lasting impact on (urban) spaces and the people who live there To show the long lasting effects of planning decisions and more generally the impact on regulations (here taxes) on the way we live in cities and elsewhere I have chosen an old example: The tax on doors and windows (France 1798-1926, UK 1696-1851). Initially designed as a tax for the richest, the landlords, with a view to introduce some proportionality in taxation (richer people paying more) it ended up having disastrous consequences on the health of the poorest people. In France many dwellings ended up being constructed with small windows and not many. Bad aeration/air circulation, dark dwellings, terrible consequences on the health of the lower classes. Same in London in poor neighbourhoods, where landlords started to block windows of dwellings -> lack of vitamin D  Rickets epidemic, known at the time as “the English disease”.

Why are houses in Amsterdam so narrow? Not a tax this time. There is one but it came after as a consequence rather than a cause, although it probably reinforced the trend. During expansion of the city towards outwards canals (Prisengracht, Herengracht, Keisergracht, themselves a product of successful early town planning during 17th century planning 4 half concentric circles), plots of lands were sold very small (5 to 7meters) to maximise the number of houses with access to the waterfront.

 The built environment influences our lives and vice versa Houses are narrow but deep, allowing to have a garden at the back. Not all houses in Amsterdam are narrow, wealthiest people in the city simply bought 2 plots of land.

I. How does planning influences land-use and built form? Land use vs zoning  Land use refers to the modification and management of natural environment into built environment/semi natural environment.  Zoning is the most common technique of land use planning. It divides land into zones where certain land uses are allowed or not. Land use refers to the modification and management of natural environment into built environment. This refers at the same time to agricultural land, pastures, managed woods for forestry, etc. It also refers to urban areas but it doesn’t refer to land use planning, which is about trying to influence what land uses happen where and how. Zoning is a (although the most common) technique of land use planning. It divides land into zones where certain land uses are allowed or not.

Land Use in Australia Australia is very big and mostly empty. This is reflected in land use figures.

Form based zoning vs use based zoning Zoning is often a combination of both Form-Based zoning addresses: the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the height of buildings, the location on the lot, the FSR (Floor-Space ratio), the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. Tries to achieve an integrated built form rather than managing land uses. Use-based zoning segregates uses and influences urban growth and development of cities. Major zoning use categories include residential, mixed use, commercial, industrial. Of course form based zoning has an impact on land uses. It also comes quite often from imperatives of architectural harmony preservation or historical/heritage conservation

For ease of obtaining data reasons, Im using Marrickville as an example instead of Redfern Waterloo, which is under the control of the RWAuthority. Land Zoning Maps as part of Local Environment Plans are easily available online. You can see at a glance where areas wre situated and what their uses are. Obviously these sort of controls influence what kind of buildings are present, their heights and their use, and therefore, zoning can be use to…. (next slide) Abstract: Land use zoning details the type of land uses available that are permitted (with or without consent) or prohibited in each zone for all areas under the Local Environment Plan (LEP). Land use zoning is described in detail in part 2 - Land use zoning and in the Land Use Table of the LEP. Land use zoning in an LEP are grouped into the following broad categories: BUSINESS (B), ENVIRONMENT (E), INDUSTRIAL (IN), RESIDENTIAL (R), RECREATION (RE), RURAL (RU), SPECIAL (SP) and WATERWAYS (W)Purpose: The LZN dataset shows the zoning of all areas designated under the LEP. Zones define the legally permitted and prohibited uses of a piece of land, determining if a lot can be used for commercial, industrial, residential or other purposes. In other words, it defines what can and cannot be built on a piece of land.

Example of zoning here Redevelop and/or influence the growth of an area! Here you can see a Master Planning document near the airport that defines priorities zones for re-zoning in order to encourage a certain type of growth and development in the area.

A few NSW planning procedures.. Environmental Planning & Assessment Act 1979 State Environment Planning Policy Local Environment Plans Development Control Plan The consent authority that assesses and determines a development application (DA) or complying development certificate (CDC) is guided by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act), the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (EP&A Reg), and a number of State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) and Local Environmental Plans (LEPs). Environmental planning instruments are statutory plans made under Part 3 of the EP&A Act that guide development and land use. These plans include State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) and Local Environmental Plans (LEPs).  SEPPs State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) can specify planning controls for certain areas and/or types of development.  SEPPs can also identify: the development assessment system that applies to developments (e.g. whether a development is State significant) the type of environmental assessment that is required (e.g. whether an environmental impact statement is required).  LEPs Local Environmental Plans list the types of development that are allowed in each zone of a local government area, and those that do not need development consent.   The Standard Instrument Local Environmental Plan sets out the format and structure that councils should follow when making a LEP. A development control plan provides detailed planning and design guidelines to support the planning controls in the LEP.

Master Planning What is a Master Plan? A Master Plan is a long term vision for the built environment of a community. It’s a comprehensive plan for the built environment. It is not a statutory document. A Master Plan is not a statutory document but rather a vision for an area. It is often drawn by an architect or by planners, and it can be very simple. Here you can see the Master Plan of one of the first fully planned new cities, Chandigarh in India. Classic example in urban studies and architecture. It was drawn by Le Corbusier, famous swiss architect and planner. Its very simple, because vision rather than complex planning control document. He decided to have a grid instead of the former plan that was following the lake and valley more.

A Master Plan is a vision A Master Plan includes a small number of strategies or key moves based on guiding principles that seek to achieve a vision. This vision is guided by the Master Plan, planning controls and a few key projects that deliver examples/ideal types. 5 Master Plan Strategies Access and movement strategy Land Use Strategy Open Space Strategy Social Infrastructure Strategy Built Form Strategy Example – Telopea Master Plan 3 key areas of change Create a welcoming arrival point Emphasising a sense of place Building a diverse residential population I am using Telopea Master Plan as an example since it was the most recently released Master Plan, feb 2017. Key projects there include Light Rail precinct (arrival plaza + pocket park), Telopea Village, Sturt Park and Acacia Park.

Recent Master Planning examples in Sydney… Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan Green Square Town Centre Master Plan Telopea Master Plan Master Plans are reviewed and evolve with the built environment and the community. Because of what we said before… leads us to point 1.

II. How does built environment influences the way we live. A II. How does built environment influences the way we live? A. Built environment and how we work Mixed use developments create a job pool next to residential area Good work/life balance (high level of leisure amenities next to a commercial area, availability of stores and shops during lunchtime, etc.) High levels of walkability and cycling convenience reduce congestion, reduce commuting times to/from work, improve air quality and public health All of this leads to increased productivity

B. Built environment and how we rest Building separation impacts on visual and acoustic privacy Built form impacts on amount of sunlight per dwelling and at what times High level of amenities also allow an active lifestyle. For example, proximity to a well designed park, and levels of cycling convenience and walkability have an influence on levels of physical activity amongst residents.

C. Built environment and how we play Good public transport and easy connections allow to connect diverse and vibrant neighbourhoods. High density and building height allow for more public and semi-public space for a given FSR. Good zoning and noise reduction/mitigation measures allow for a variety of uses day and night. High levels of walkability encourage physical activity. FSR: 2:1