Chapter 6: Becoming Canada (122-144)

CHAPTER INQUIRY How did the War of 1812 and its political consequences affect the developing Canadian identity?

TERMS Deadlock Upper and Lower Canada Chateau Clique Family Compact Liberators Invaders British North America (BNA) United Empire Loyalists (Loyalists) Traitors Refugees Discrimination Deadlock Upper and Lower Canada Chateau Clique Family Compact Reformers Responsible Government Quarantine Station

MAIN CONCEPTS Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies Conflict Renewed: The War of 1812 The Great Migration Divided Society The Road to Responsible Government

PEOPLE Sir Frederick Haldimand General Isaac Brock Tecumseh Louis-Joseph Papineau (Lower Canada) William Lyon Mackenzie (Upper Canada)

TIME FRAME (1763-1850) Think about this time period: What Happened? Over 40,000 British Immigrants came to Canada during that time! Also know as, REFUGEES!

BRITAIN British influences on Canada: Language, Religion, Ways of Life

What Happened When They Got To Canada? WAR New Colonies Were Created First Nations felt Betrayed by British Government Building a Bilingual Country Government

FRIENDLY REMINDER 

Things are Heating Up!!! 1774, Quebec Act. In 1775, a rebellion EXPLODED in Britain’s 13 Colonies! A HUGE migration of refugees came to Canada. That is many new English speaking people. 13 colonies south of the St.Lawrence were very prosperous, but not happy. Only trade with the home country High taxes on imports The Quebec Act gave the Ohio Valley to Quebec, not the Thirteen colonies. In 1775, the first shots of the War of Independence were fired!

America rebels hoped the Canadiens would join their revolt. So…they: Captured Montreal Moved on to Quebec City (The picture displays this fight. The Americans ended up backing off, for now!)

Failed Invasion… 1776, people from many cultures lived in the Thirteen colonies. Not all supported the rebellion. United Empire Loyalists all opposed the war. American rebels treated loyalists as traitors Traitors were often tar and feathered. Lost all property and possessions Fled North and became refugees This changed Canadian identity.

Why did Loyalists Oppose War? Some did not believe in using violence to settle disputes. Some had business ties with the British. Some were in military regiments that had fought on the British side. Some were enslaved African Americans seeking freedom or a more welcoming society. Some were First Nations peoples who had lost their land to the Americans.

LOYALISTS 1784 (To Divide Nova Scotia into 2 parts) Over 40,000 travelled to Canada (including blacks) Many traveled by ship to Nova Scotia Doubled the population of NS and created new communities, but problems arose: They wanted their own COLONIES. Britain agreed: 1784 (To Divide Nova Scotia into 2 parts) New Brunswick and Cape Breton. Ile Saint Jean became Prince Edward Island 1791 (To Divide Quebec into 2 parts- start of bilingualism) Constitutional Act - Upper Canada (Land West of Ottawa river – Southern Ontario) - Lower Canada (East of Ottawa River – old colony of Quebec)

WAR of 1812: Britain VS U.S.A! WHERE? BNA WHY COULDN’T THEY GET ALONG? Britain was at war with France. It stopped Americans from trading with the French. The British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in the British Navy. The British were supporting the First Nations in the struggle for land. Some Americans wanted to take over Britain’s Colonies.

Could the British count on loyalty?? Most English colonists who moved to Canada were Americans, they arrived after loyalists. Came for cheap land, not loyalty to Britain. More American colonists than loyalists. Atlantic colonies traded with the Americans New France was long lost, they are Canadians now, not French.

DIFFERENT BATTLES #1 1812: Battle of Queenston (1st Major Battle of War of 1812 in Ontario) #2 1813: Battle in Moraviantown (Tecumseh) http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/29 #3 1813: Battle of Chateauguay (Montreal, Figure 6.14) #4 1840: Battle of Saint-Eustache (British troops set church on fire)

About 15, 000 First Nations died. IMPACT OF WAR Deadlock: This is how the War of 1812 ended. Treaty of Ghent ended war in 1814. Both sides had to return any territory they gained. Both sides viewed it as victory. In the War… About 15, 000 First Nations died.

# 3 - THE GREAT MIGRATION Plan was to fill colonies with people from: Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England, to live on farmland. Big thing back then was FARMING. 1815-1850 (35 years) more than 800,000 immigrants came to ports of Halifax, Saint John, and Quebec City.

Why Did So Many People Want To Leave Britain to Live in Colonies? In Britain, the population was growing rapidly, but jobs were scarce. Farmers were being forced off the land. Poverty and hunger were common. Ireland suffered a terrible famine, forcing many rural people to flee. With peace, ocean travel was now safer. The colonies offered free land, new opportunities, and a chance for a better life.

A Very British Colony “They brought a British flavour to their new communities.” Immigrants travelled to Canada by “coffin ships”, most ending up in Quebec city and Montreal. “Canada became a haven for many former enslaved people.” In 1847, Irish potato crop failed, 100,000 set sail for North America. 1865 – United States ended slavery.

GOVERNMENT IN COLONIES Each colony had its own governor and an elected assembly. Governor + 2 Councils = POWER Chateau Clique (Lower Canada) Family Compact (Upper Canada) They both were Anglophone friends/relatives of the Governor. They also passed laws that favored their own interests.

Both leaders fled to the United States. REFORMERS 1874 – Voting remained public until then. 92 Resolutions to the Assembly: Papineau (Lower Canada: Fig 6.25) 7th Report on Grievances: William Mackenzie (Upper Canada: Fig 6.27) Both leaders fled to the United States.

Fig 6.25 Page: 141

LORD DURHAM’S REPORT 1838 – Sent Lord Durham to Canada. He was a wealthy British Noble and Politician. He made 2 recommendations for CHANGE: Unite Upper & Lower Canada into a single colony. Grant the colonies responsible government.

The Union of the Canada 1841 – The Act of the Union Combine upper and lower Canada. English became the official language of government.

CANADA’S PEOPLES Epi. 5, 49:21-56:36) (Epi. 5, 3:20-8:27)

YOU TUBE CLIPS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fsfz3f18NxU (War of 1812 – Arrogant Worms) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3spRxo4CKY (Cause of War of 1812) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nRIQVNUI4I (War of 1812) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9Tj477CHnc (The Great Migration)