Elite vs. popular cultures

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Presentation transcript:

Elite vs. popular cultures Not exactly rich vs. poor, but much overlap

Language: Dialects vs. national languages Facility with national language as mark of education and means of access

Print and Oral Cultures: Elite culture in print Popular culture passed orally Problems of dissemination

Questions of Wealth: Food Disparity in diets of rich and poor Houses Utensils Furniture

Questions of Wealth: Drinks: tea, coffee, alcohol Coffee shops and taverns

Health: Poor at greater risk Worse in cities Doctors or wise women Charities

Etiquette and Entertainment: Courtly etiquette Theatre Dancing Evening activities

Etiquette and Entertainment: Different classes with different tastes Belief in magic

Social Division: Elites withdrawing from community celebrations Tensions between elites and common folk

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) Seven Years’ War (1756-63) Collectively known as the Great War of the Mid-Eighteenth Century

War of the Austrian Succession Origin in conflict of Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia (r. 1740-86) and Maria Theresa of Habsburg, Queen of Austria and Hungary (r. 1740-80)

1740 Death of Charles VI (r. 1711-40) 16 Dec 1740 Frederick II invades Silesia Rebellion in Bohemia. Maria Theresa summons aid from Hungarians, who put down rebellion Map Link: Europe, 1748-66: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/ Europe_1748-1766_en.png>.

Austria Russia Prussia Sweden France Piedmont-Sardinia vs. Spain Denmark Bavaria Britain/Hanover Dutch Republic 1707 Act of Union creates Kingdom of Great Britain

1742 Peace between Frederick II and Maria Theresa French and Bavarians take Bohemia. Charles VII of Wittelsbach elected Holy Roman Emperor 1745 French take Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and foment Jacobite Rebellion Charles VII (r. 1742-45) Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie, 1720-88)

1745 New Englanders and British Navy take Louisbourg. British navy eliminates French and Spanish shipping, blockades French West Indies Francis I, husband of Maria Theresa, elected Holy Roman Emperor 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

1756 Diplomatic Revolution Count Kaunitz Austria Prussia France vs. Britain/Hanover Russia

1756 French/Austrian/Russian alliance attempt to partition Brandenburg-Prussia 1757 Frederick II defeats French in battle and wages successful campaign against enemies, but subjected to Russian/Austrian “sandwich” 1762 Tsar Peter III of Russia withdraws Russian troops 1763 Peace of Hubertusburg

Before 1756 Fighting between French and British over Indian and American territories 1755 British force Acadians to emigrate. Many settle in Louisiana (“cajun”) 1756 Britain and France declare war William Pitt the Elder (1708-78)

1758 British take Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) and Louisbourg 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec James Wolfe (1727-59)

Activities of company agents Joseph-François Dupleix (1696-1763) Mughals Activities of company agents Joseph-François Dupleix (1696-1763) - creation of “sepoy” regiments 1754 Dupleix recalled to France Map Link: India, 1765 and 1805: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/India1765 and1805b.jpg>.

1756 Siraj al-Dawla expels British from Calcutta 1757 Robert Clive (1725-74) defeats Siraj al-Dawla, puts puppet ruler on throne of Bengal. Later Clive is appointed governor of Bengal by British British defeat French, then Spanish (from 1761)

Feb 1763 Peace of Paris British get Canada, much of eastern North America French keep territories in Caribbean, Africa, limited presence in India Continuation of German dualism Seeds planted for British Empire

Concerns: Preservation/expansion of national interests Preservation of balance of power Shifting of alliances, even between traditional rivals

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Anglo-Irish master of satire Gulliver’s Travels (1726) A Modest Proposal (1729)