Chapter 18 LECTURE OUTLINE Development & Geography Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Chapter 18 LECTURE OUTLINE Development & Geography

Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 1 Economic Development the expansion and improvement of a country’s economy raises living standards World development focuses on raising the living standards of the poorest countries and reducing disparities among countries Poor countries: “the Third World”, “less developed countries”, “the developing world” Rich countries: “the First World,” “developed countries,” “more developed countries” Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

GNI per Capita Figure 18A.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Purchasing Power Parity more refined measure than GNI, to account for factors like subsidence economies Figure 18A.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 2 Human Development Index (HDI) Another alternative to per capita GNI Measure of development that includes personal welfare indicators like education, and health (life expectancy), as well as income Fairly close correlation Subject Well-Being How content do people feel arbitrary Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Subjective Well-Being Figure 18A.4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Modernization & Economic Development 1 Development Disparities Some countiers are more economically developed Two sugested explanations Modernization theory: underdevelopment is a function of progress, and will be eliminated when countries adopt Western economic models including Capitalism and Western values (“rationalism, science [vs. religion] and work ethic”) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Rostow’s Model Figure 18B.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Modernization & Economic Development 2 Jeffrey Sachs viewed development as a process of overcoming a series of development traps (see table 18B.1) Intrinsic Underdevelopment: underdevelopment is built into a global economic structure that began with colonialism and persists with neocolonialism—former colonies remain economically subservient, often as suppliers of raw materials Agencies such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) attempt to assist development, but controversially Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

European Colonies Figure 18C.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

GDP per Capita over Time Figure 18B.3 “West Offshoots” = United States, Canada, and Australia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

% Using the Internet the “Digital Divide” as another barrier to development Figure 18B.5

World Systems Perspective on Development A lot of modernization theory is based on a Western model and assumes that each country develops on its own The world systems perspective views the economic system as a whole Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Core-Periphery Relationships Core—areas that control capital Periphery—areas that are economically dependent Semi-periphery—transitional areas Figure 18C.5

Commodity Export Economies Figure 18C.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Profiles of Development: The Bottom Billion The Fortunate Billion (Affluent Societies) According Collier, there now exists a 3-way stratification of the world’s population The Majority (Developing Societies) The Bottom Billion (Stagnant Economies) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Undeveloped World Figure 18D.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Possible Solutions to the Development Crisis One possible solution is to accelerate economic growth by way of industrialization, but to do so requires a large portion of a country’s economy To overcome this, countries may begin by manufacturing lower value-added products, such as textiles, before attempting higher value-added products, such as electronics Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Factors Needed for Industrialization Figure 18E.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Average Annual GDP Growth per Capita, 2000-2007 Figure 18E.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Primary School Completion Rate, 2003-2006 Figure 18E.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Export-Led Approaches to Development A view that production of goods for export, sometimes aided by the government, is the key to economic development The Tiger economies of East Asia (somewhat) successfully employed this strategy Taiwan, South Korea. Hong Komg, Singapore China’s exports may be about 40% of its economy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Structuralist & Sustainable Development Models Many approaches to development can be said to fit into the structuralist school of development Sees government interaction as key; can be full government control or partial Sustainable development seeks a more even distribution of wealth and protection of the environment More focused on quality of life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.