-The Study of Sound Structure 영어교육과 김계홍 서효정 김재희 염지혜 전효숙 Chapter 4. Phonology -The Study of Sound Structure 영어교육과 김계홍 서효정 김재희 염지혜 전효숙

What is phonology? The study of a sound system of language ( the ways which speech sounds form systems and patterns) *Phonetics : the production and perception of speech sounds

Phoneme Distinctive features The phonological system of a language includes   1) an inventory of sounds and their features, 2) rules which specify how sounds interact with each other Phoneme Distinctive features Main studying parts

What is a feature? /t/ /d/ alveolar stop voiceless alveolar stop voiced

Distinctive features A feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another. ex) fine vs. vine /f/, /v/ => phoneme [±voice] => distinctive features

Distinctive features : /t/, /d/ alveolar stop + high front vowel /t/ , /d/ /i/ , /j/ Don`t You = > palatalization /tš / /dž / Don`t you => coronal sounds

Distinctive features : /k/ velar stop + high front vowel /k/ /i/ , /j/ k ey/i/ = > palatalization key / cute height and backness characterize /k/

114p. Table 4.1 Distinctive feature composition of English consonants

minus value (-) : the absence of the feature plus value (+) : the presence of the feature

Distinctive features The most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory. 어떤 개체를 다른 것과 구별하고 기술하기 위해 사용하는 특성 [ ] ; [+nasal]

[+syllabic] Head (or peak) of a syllable. vowels Syllabic consonant : (+) m, n, l, r (예) Kitten

[+consonantal] Formed in the vocal tract with an obstruction. glides : [-consonantal]

[+sonorant] Produced with a vocal tract cavity in which spontaneous voicing is possible. Vowels, glides, liquids, nasals [-sonorant] → obstruents

[+continuant] Made without a complete blockage of the oral cavity. Nasals : [-continuant]

[+strident] The high-frequency turbulent noise in fricatives and affricates. /s/ : [+strident] /θ/ : [-strident]

[+distributed] The relative length of contact that the tongue makes along the roof of the mouth. /ʃ/ : [+distributed] /s/ : [-distributed]

[+labial] [+round] (예) /b/ in bead /bid/ Closing of the lips /f/, /b/, /m/ Pulsing of the lips /w/ (예) /b/ in bead /bid/

[+coronal] The blade of the tongue is raised toward or touched the teeth, the alveolar, or an area along the back of the alveolar ridge. Dental ~ alveolar palatal (74p.)

[+anterior] Made in front of the alveolar palatal position. Labial ~ Alveolar

116p. Table 4.2 Distinctive feature composition of English vowel

[+tense] Associated with a more extreme articulatory gesture than its [-tense] counterpart. (예) /i/ and /I/

118p. Phonemes as group of distinctive feature [+coronal] [+lateral] [+affricate] [+distributed] (예) Navajo

119p. Table 4.3 English, Navajo, Ganda, Japanese

To conclude… Distinctive feature is available to all languages; not all features and combinations of features are found in each individual language.

Rules for plural endings /z/ phonemic level (morpheme) [z] [s] [z] phonetic level (allomorphs) [-sibilant] voiced ex) voiced oral stops, nasals, glides, liquids, /v/ if [+strident, +coronal], then /i/ epenthesis ex) sibilants [-sibilant] voiceless ex) voiceless oral stops, /f/

Rules only for plural endings? /z/ The above rules also apply to : third person possessive ex) John’s [z], Dick’s [s], Butch’s [z] third person present singular verb agreement ex) runs, hits, pushes contraction of the verb is ex) John’s coming, Dick’s coming, Butch’s coming

Natural Class Natural class : the grouping of phonemes used to state some organizing principle of phonological regularities that share some distinctive features ex1) The class of phonemes that take the [z] ending is the class of [+strident, +coronal] or [+sibilant] consonants ex2) ‘Aspiration’ rule occurs in /p, t, k/ which are the class of [-voiced, -continuant] consonants ex3) /p, s, l, g/ : cannot be described as a class, since these don’t have any set of distinctive features that include them and exclude all others

Assimilation Amharic : the vowel [i] is a variant of the vowel // After [-back, +high] consonants, this variant vowel occurs, since it shares [-back, +high] features unlike the vowel // which has [+back, -high] features → (progressive) assimilation ex) In English, plural endings third person possessives third person present singular verb agreements past endings ( /d/ → [d], [t], [d] ) cf) regressive assimilation : in-(imperfect, incredible), have to reciprocal assimilation : get you, defend you, would you

Syllable Structure Syllable(=) Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda (Peak) up to three consonants (maximal onset principle) Nucleus (Peak) Coda up to four consonants Vowels, syllabic consonants(m, n, l, r)

Syllabification How to syllabify an intervocalic consonant - preceding or following syllable? 1. stressed lax vowel nev-er, cam-el, wom-an, cit-y 2. stressed tense vowel a-pa, pa-per, wa-ter, o-ver 3. Obscure vowel re-ceive, se-vere, a-bout, a-go, a-pa

– Maximal Onset Principle Phonotactics – Maximal Onset Principle How to syllabify intervocalic consonant clusters - maximal onset principle & phonotactics ex) construct – how to syllabify ‘nstr’ English has maximal onset principle and this principle requires that three consonants(‘str’ in this case) form the onset of a syllable. → con-struct /p/ (approximants) glides /j, w/ or /s/ + /t/ + liquids /r, l/ /k/

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) Syllables in English words vary in emphasis, length and pitch Foot : to understand the role of stress and its patterns of occurrences syllables > phonemes feet > syllables Metrical feet as units of prominence and timing

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Types of Feet a) F b) F c) F σ σ σ σ σ σ unary binary ternary Every leftmost syllable in a foot carries some degree of stress

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Linking Vowels to Foot Structure The lexical form of words consists of full vowels and reduced vowels (ə , ɨ) The leftmost branch is always associated with a full vowel. A single reduced vowel - in the nucleus of the right-hand syllable of a binary foot Two reduced vowels - in the nuclei of the two rightmost syllables of a ternary foot

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Linking Vowels to Foot Structure F F F F F σ σ σ σ σ  σ  σ  σ  kae tə mə ɹaen aen tɪ sɨ peɪt

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Tense Vowels and English Foot Structure Vowel Sequence Condition When two vowels are adjacent in an English word, the first vowel must be tense (or long) Word-Final Vowel Condition only reduced, tense ( or long), and short low vowels can appear in word-final position ->a long vowel appearing in the right branch of a metrical foot must always satisfy one of the above conditions

Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Tense Vowels and English Foot Structure F F σ   σ   σ  σ   σ     mɑ toʊ ɹeɪ di oʊ motto : oʊ in word-final position (satisfies 2nd) radio : /i/ precedes another vowel (satisfies1st) oʊ in word-final position (satisfies 2nd)

Evidence for the metrical structure of motto - English Flap Rule The English stops /t/ and /d/ are flapped between vowels that are contained in the same metrical foot.

Evidence for the metrical structure of motto - English Flap Rule F F F σ σ σ σ σ σ ae ɼɨ  tud ɛ  ɼɨ  ɼɚ motto [mɑɼoʊ] = alveolar stop is not between vowels in two unary feet but between vowels in a single binary feet.

F F σ σ σ σ σ ə baʊ t t ən eɪ ʃɨs The leftmost syllable of a foot always contains a full vowel . Only unfooted, unstressed vowel can be at the beginning of a word F F σ σ σ σ σ ə baʊ t t ən eɪ ʃɨs

The role of metrical feet in English Phonology 1. The variability of length in vowels - Does English have both long & short sets in tense vowel? ex) Fifi 2. /Λ ɪ ɝ/ vs /ə ɨ ɚ/ - Bubba /bΛb ə/ - chicken /ʧ ɪk ɨn/ - murmur /m ɝm ɚ/

3. Changes in foot structure as a source of changes in pronunciation F F F σ σ → σ σ ʤ ɪm næst ʤ ɪm nɨst

# English tone pattern → Low-High-Low # The high tone links with the most strongly stressed syllable in the word and the low tones spread to any available syllable to the right or left

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