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Lessons Lesson 8.1: The Vocabulary of Typography Lesson 8.2: Making Text Readable Lesson 8.3: Cleaning Up Typeset Text

Learning Outcomes 8.1: Distinguish between typefaces and fonts 8.2: Describe the parts that make up a typeface 8.3: Understand how typeface, size, and style affect readability 8.4: Adjust leading and tracking for readability

Learning Outcomes (cont.) 8.5: Recognize how measure and alignment impact readability 8.6: Use common, simple techniques to grab attention with typography 8.7: Make documents clean and professional by using a few typesetting conventions

The Vocabulary of Typography Typeface—a set of letters, numbers, and other characters created by a typeface designer Font—a collection of characters with the same style within a typeface Example: Times New Roman Bold, Times New Roman Italic, and Times New Roman Regular are all fonts within the Times New Roman typeface style

The Vocabulary of Typography (cont.)

Making Text Readable Readability is the primary concern for designers working with text Readability means: You can easily recognize the letters and words and follow the text along without “losing your place” The text helps visually set the tone for the message You can make text readable by: Selecting the appropriate typeface for the subject Using the right type size and style for your project Adjusting spacing if necessary Considering the overall size and alignment of text blocks

Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability Choosing a typeface that fits the tone of a project is one way to help text deliver its message to readers Images from Library of Congress

Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability (cont.) Choosing the right type size is important to readability The best point size depends on typeface, page size and layout, and intended audience Most typefaces are readable for most people at 10 to 12 points Point size refers only to the height of the typeface rather than its width, so two typefaces with the same point size can be visually different sizes

Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability (cont.) Use italic or bold for emphasis because they are the least disruptive and therefore the most readable Avoid underlines, all caps, and combinations of type styles (bold and italic, for example) Be careful not to overuse type styles for emphasis Extended use of italics, bold, all caps, reversed type, or any special effects such as embossing, engraving, outlining, or shadowing can reduce readability

Adjusting Spacing to Improve Readability Leading is the space between the lines of text in a text block Leading is measured from the baseline of one line to the baseline of the next and expressed in points Readability is reduced if the leading is too tight or too loose Tracking, sometimes called letter spacing, refers to the amount of space between characters in a word or line of text

Adjusting Spacing to Improve Readability (cont.) Kerning is adjusting space between just two characters to improve the appearance of a word Kerning can give a more finished look to words, but does not necessarily improve readability Most digital typefaces kern automatically Kerning is mostly used for words in larger type sizes on banners, posters, ads, and headings

Considering Paragraph Width and Alignment The width and alignment of a paragraph can affect the readability of body text The length of a line of text is called the measure Alignment refers to how a line of text or a paragraph is positioned in a column: flush left, flush right, centered, or justified

Grabbing Attention and Creating Interest with Text Display typography captures and directs a reader’s attention Display typography becomes a part of the overall design scheme and can support good proportion, balance, variety, emphasis, harmony, symmetry, unity, and repetition Advertisements, magazine layouts, and book covers especially rely on display typography to reinforce a design scheme

Grabbing Attention and Creating Interest with Text (cont.) A display typeface is a stylized typeface usually set at a larger point size than body text Other common treatments for display typography include Drop caps Pull quotes Color

David Carson and Experimental Typography What typographical “rules” do David Carson and other designers like him break? Why does the design still “work”? Describe some situations where the style would be appropriate and some instances where it would be inappropriate

Widows and Orphans Widow—the last line of a paragraph falls by itself as the first line of the next page or column Orphan—the first line of a paragraph falls by itself at the bottom of a page or column or a single word or part of a word falls by itself on the last line of a paragraph

Punctuation Marks Fine-tuning hyphenation can improve the look of typeset text When a word breaks at the end of a line, be sure at least two characters remain before the hyphen on the first line and at least three characters carry forward to the next line Try to avoid hyphenating Web addresses and proper nouns, like names Avoid more than three hyphenated lines in a row

Punctuation Marks (cont.) Don’t confuse hyphens with en and em dashes An en dash (–) is slightly longer than a hyphen (the width of the capital letter N) An en dash is most commonly used to indicate a range of dates, numbers, or times and in compound adjectives An em dash (—) is twice as long as an en dash (the width of the capital letter M) An em dash is frequently used to separate a parenthetical thought, much like parentheses

Punctuation Marks (cont.) Curly quotes (sometimes called smart quotes) are rounded marks used for quotations and apostrophes Straight quotation marks should be used only to indicate measure in inches or feet

Key Concepts A typeface is a collection of designed characters while a font refers to a subset of characters with the same style within a typeface One of the most important goals of working with text is making it readable Selecting a suitable typeface, size, and style impacts readability

Key Concepts (cont.) Adjusting the leading, tracking, measure, and alignment can make text more or less readable Typography plays an important role in capturing readers’ interest and directing their attention Removing widows and orphans and using appropriate punctuation marks can make your documents appear more professional