CHAPTER VIII EXPANSION OF SIMPLE SENTENCES faizrisd@gmail.com http://faizal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/

EXPANSION OF THE VERB PHRASE When we examine verb phrases in English, we find expansion by means of three sets of auxiliaries: A MODALS Can, could; may, might ; will, would; shall, should; must, had to; ought to + infinitive. B HAVE Has, have; had+participle. C BE +gerund (form in –ing)

These expansions may be used with the basic patterns along with various combinations like these: EXPANSION OF THE VERB PHRASE THE PATTERNS A They may give her candy. N1+[MODAL+INF/V 0] +N2+N3 B They have given her candy. N1+[HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 C They are giving her candy. N1+[BE+V-Ing] +N2+N3 AB They may have given her candy. N1+[MODAL+HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 AC They may be giving her candy. N1+[MODAL+BE+V-ing] +N2+N3 BC They have been giving her candy. N1+[HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3 ABC They may have been giving her candy. N1+[MODAL+HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3

The FBI agents could find the files for us. 2 3 4 5 6 7 NO THE SENTENCES THE PATTERNS 1 The FBI agents could find the files for us. N1+[MODAL+INF/V 0] +N2+N3 2 N1+[HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 3 N1+[BE+V-Ing] +N2+N3 4 N1+[MODAL+HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 5 N1+[MODAL+BE+V-ing] +N2+N3 6 N1+[HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3 7 The FBI agents could have been finding the files for us N1+[MODAL+HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3

My parents would have been buying me the gem stones (Akik) NO THE SENTENCES THE PATTERS 1 N1+[MODAL+INF/V 0] +N2+N3 2 N1+[HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 3 N1+[BE+V-Ing] +N2+N3 4 N1+[MODAL+HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 5 N1+[MODAL+BE+V-ing] +N2+N3 6 N1+[HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3 7 My parents would have been buying me the gem stones (Akik) N1+[MODAL+HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3

Arabic simple sentences

Arabic simple passive voice

Along with this expansion many sentences can be formed but other auxiliary like “be going to” and “used to” also being introduced into English. They are comparable to the modals used in the following pattern which is similar in use of verbs like “seem”, “want”, “begin”, “prefer”, and “try ”+’to’. The last three may also follow the pattern of C; they are then comparable to modals as well as to BE. Another set of verbs, for example, “avoid” and “enjoy”, follows the pattern of C, as in the sentence “He avoid giving her candy”.

EXPANSION OF THE NOUN PHRASE The noun may be expanded by determiners and adjectives placed before. In the expansions subclasses of adjectives are observed, though often distinctions become faint. We may illustrate some of these by substituting noun phrases for “they” in the sentence “They gave her candy”. The two large classes placed before nouns are distinguished by their order “determiners”, sometimes called “limiting adjectives”, which stand first in expanded noun phrases, and “descriptive adjectives”, which must follow them.

Subclasses of the descriptive adjectives may be recognized from the expansion, for example: Their old neighbors Their fine old neighbors Their fine old retired neighbors Their many fine old neighbors All their many fine old neighbors

Such long expansions may become absurd, but segments of them are in general use. And it can be noted that participles as well as gerunds and compound adjectives stand closest to nouns. They are preceded by adjectives indicating qualities. These in turn are preceded by adjectives indicating judgments. Noun phrases may be also expanded by modifying nouns for example: Their next-door-neighbors

Complexities may be added by conjoining Complexities may be added by conjoining. Still further complexities may be added by the modifying adjectives along with adverbs, for example: Their very fine neighbors Their fine, very old neighbors

Arabic unique morphological transformation

Arabic noun clause?

Arabic simple sentences

Arabic IC analysis

I shall have been reading the people Al-Qur’an NO THE SENTENCES THE PATTERNS 1 A   N1+[MODAL+INF/V 0] +N2/+N3 2 B N1+[HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 3 C N1+[BE+V-Ing] +N2+N3 4 AB N1+[MODAL+HAVE+V3] +N2/+N3 5 AC N1+[MODAL+BE+V-ing] +N2/+N3 6 BC N1+[HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2/+N3 7 ABC I shall have been reading the people Al-Qur’an N1+[MODAL+HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2/+N3

We will have been telling him the story NO THE SENTENCES THE PATTERNS 1 A   N1+[MODAL+INF/V 0] +N2+N3 2 B N1+[HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 3 C N1+[BE+V-Ing] +N2+N3 4 AB N1+[MODAL+HAVE+V3] +N2+N3 5 AC N1+[MODAL+BE+V-ing] +N2+N3 6 BC N1+[HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3 7 ABC We will have been telling him the story N1+[MODAL+HAVE+BEEN+V-ing] +N2+N3