MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX “Derivational Markers” Created by : Cycilia Novita Ika Andyastuti Kamelia Nurul Islami Gustari Dewi

Morpheme Free Morpheme Lexical Functional Bound Morpeheme Derivational Prefixes Suffixes Noun Markers Adjective Markers Adverb Markers Inflectional

Definition of Derivational Morpheme The morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988: 12).  Bound morphemes which derive or create new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both (Sari, 1988: 82).

Types of Derivational Morphemes Derivational morphemes can be classified into two : 1. Derivational prefixes Prefix is a morpheme added in before the root of a word that adds meaning or emphasis. -un, -in, -re, -dis, -mis, -pre, -a 2. Derivational suffixes Suffix is a morpheme added after or “under” the base of a word that adds meaning to and/or indicates the part of speech of a word. -er, -ment, -ness, -ion, -able, -ful, -less, -en, -ify, -ize, -ly

Derivational Prefixes All prefixes in English are derivational, so that all the prefixes in English create new meaning or create new words, but most prefixes do not change part of speech. The  prefix which can change the part of speech, example : En- En- + large (adjective)  Enlarge (verb) En- + danger (noun)  Endanger (verb) A- A- + side (noun)  Aside (adverb)

1. Prefix un- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base Derived Word (adjective)  Meaning Un-   Able            Unable    Not able Important Unimportant Not important Un-        Acceptable Unacceptable Not acceptable Un- Believable Unbelievable Not believable VERB  VERB Meaning “to do the opposite” Prefix  Base (verb) Derived Word (verb)  Meaning Un-   Do                       Undo  To do the opposite  of doing Lock Unlock To do the opposite of locking Cover Uncover To do the opposite of covering

2. Prefix in- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base Derived Word (adjective)  Meaning In-   Formal             Informal Not formal Tolerant Intolerant Not tolerant In-        Legal Illegal Not legal In- Polite Impolite Not polite NOUN  NOUN Prefix  Base (noun) Derived Word (noun)  Meaning In-   Balance           Imbalance Absence of balance Decorum Indecorum Lack of decorum Decision Indecision The state of being unable to decide

3. Prefix re- VERB  VERB Meaning “again” Prefix Base (verb) Derived Word (verb)  Meaning Re-  Arrange        Rearrange Arrange again Re- Write Rewrite Write again Select Reselect Select again Consider Reconsider Consider again Pay Repay Pay again Count Recount Count again Adjust Readjust Adjust again

4. Prefix dis- VERB  VERB Meaning “not” Prefix Base (verb) Derived Word (verb)  Meaning Dis- Like Dislike Not like Agree Disagree Not agree NOUN  NOUN Prefix  Base (noun) Derived Word (noun)  Meaning Dis- Connect Disconnect Take apart Advantage Disadvantage Unfavorable condition ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix  Base (adjective) Derived Word (adjective)  Meaning Dis- Honest Dishonest Not honest Similar Dissimilar Not similar

5. Prefix miss- VERB  VERB Meaning “wrong” Prefix Base (verb) Derived Word (verb)  Meaning Mis- Direct Misdirect Direct wrongly Judge Misjudge Judge wrongly Match Mismatch Match wrongly Quote Misquote Quote wrongly Remember Misremember Remember wrongly understand Misunderstand Understand wrongly

6. Prefix pre- VERB  VERB Meaning “before” Prefix Base (verb) Derived Word (verb)  Meaning Pre- Arrange Prearrange Arrange before Cook Precook Cook before Determine Predetermine Determine before Select Preselect Select before Wash Prewash Wash before

7. Prefix a- ADJECTIVE  ADJECTIVE Meaning “not” Prefix Base Derived Word (adjective)  Meaning A- Moral Amoral Not concerned with morals Political Apolitical Uninvolved  with politics Typical Atypical Not typical Sexual Asexual Without sex Social Asocial Antisocial

Derivational Suffixes Most of the derivational suffixes in English change the part of speech and change the meaning . The  suffix which do not change the part of speech, example: -ist Art (noun) + -ist  Artist (noun) -ian Music (noun) + -ist  Musician (noun) Library (noun) + -ist  Librarian (noun) -hood Child (noun) + -hood  Childhood (noun) Neighbor (noun) + -hood  Neighborhood (noun)

1. Suffix -er VERB  NOUN Meaning “a person who performs an action” Base (verb) Derived Word (noun)  Meaning -er Drive Driver A person who drives Teach Teacher A person who teaches Sing singer A person who sings Dance dancer A person who dances Kill Killer A person who kills

2. Suffix -ment VERB  NOUN Meaning “abstract noun” Suffix Base (verb) Derived Word (noun)  -ment Agree Agreement Develop Development Argue Argument Commit Commitment Govern Government

3. Suffix -ness ADJECTIVE  NOUN Meaning “expressing a state or a condition” Suffix   Base (adjective) Derived Word (noun)  -ness Bright Brightness Bitter Bitterness Happy Happiness Hard Hardness Sad sadness

4. Suffix -ion VERB  NOUN Suffix Base (verb) Derived Word (noun) -ion Educate Discuss Discussion Act Action

5. Suffix -able VERB  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (verb) Derived Word Eat Eatable Predict Predictable Read Readable NOUN  ADJECTIVE Suffix   Base (noun) Derived Word (adjective)  -able Comfort Comfortable Market Marketable Profit Profitable

5. Suffix -ful NOUN  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (noun) Derived Word Beauty Beautiful Care Careful Use Useful Wonder Wonderful Pain Painful

6. Suffix -less NOUN  ADJECTIVE Suffix Base (noun) Derived Word Home Homeless Use Useless Care Careless

7. Suffix -en ADJECTIVE  VERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word Wide Widen Ripe Ripen Sharp Sharpen Short Shorten

8. Suffix -ify ADJECTIVE  VERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word Clear Clarify Pure Purify Specific Specify NOUN  VERB Suffix   Base (noun) Derived Word (verb)  -ify Identity Identify Beauty Beautify

9. Suffix -ize NOUN  VERB Suffix Base (noun) Derived Word (verb) Apology Apologize Memory Memorize Victim Victimize ADJECTIVE  VERB Suffix   Base (adjective) Derived Word (verb)  -ize Local Localize Real Realize Mobile Mobilize Vocal vocalize

10. Suffix -ly ADJECTIVE  ADVERB Suffix Base (adjective) Derived Word Beautiful Beautifully Careful Carefully Angry Angrily Loud Loudly Happy Happily

Conclusion Morphemes can be classified into two namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot meaningfully stand alone. It means that bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. All prefixes are derivational but most of the prefixes do not change part of speech. Only several prefixes change the part of speech.  Most derivational English suffixes change part of speech.

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I had a _________ trip to the amusement park. (wonder)

Wonderful

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I _______ all the rides before we went to the amusement park. (preview)

Previewed

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I _________ with my friend. I didn’t want to go on the roller coaster. (agree)

Disagree

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I felt it was an _________ ride because it was very old. (safe)

Unsafe

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed My friend was _________ because I didn’t want to ride the roller coaster with him. (happy)

Unhappy

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I explained that it was an _________ ride, and we should find a different ride to go on. (fit)

Unfit

EXERCISES Add a prefix or a suffix from the boxes below to the root word in parentheses ( ) to somplete each sentence. Prefixes dis- un- Suffixes -ful -ed I was _________. I convinced my friend to ride the Ferris wheel instead. (success)

Succeed

EXERCISES Mom had to … heat the dinner because it was cold. a. re b. un c. in d. pre

EXERCISES The boy was thought … to bring his mother flowers. a. less b. ly c. ful d. ify

EXERCISES Dad needed help to … load the firewood. a. re b. un c. in d. pre

EXERCISES A knife is use … when cutting meal. a. less b. ly c. ify d. ful

EXERCISES The workers had to … think their strategy to avoid the bird’s nest. a. re b. un c. in d. pre

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