HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Life Continuum continuous process from birth to death through many stages Life Stages certain stages of growth and development -Birth to death

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4 types of growth and development 1. physical ht., wt., changes in the body 2. Mental development of the mind, learning 3. Emotional dealing with emotions 4. Social interaction and relationships with others

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The Four Stages of LIFE 1) You believe in Santa Claus. 2) You don’t believe in Santa Claus. 3) You become Santa Claus. 4) You start to look like Santa Claus.

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Eric Erikson psychoanalyst Developed 8 stages of psychosocial development States basic conflict must be resolved in each stage of development before a person can move to next stage of development successfully i.e. a school age child develops a sense of inferiority, this hinders him/her from forming successful relationships as an adolescent

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Infancy birth to 1 year old Stage of the most dramatic change and growth -by the end of the first year of life, infants have tripled their weight. 2 months rolls from side to back 6-7 months sits up unassisted 12 months walks understands simple conversation

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Reflexes of Infancy Moro reflex: “startle reflex” to loud noises Rooting reflex: touch the cheek, turns head to that side Sucking reflex: slightly touch lips, sucking motion Grasp reflex: grasp objects placed in hand

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Leading cause of death: accidents and injuries Other problems seen in infancy: Abuse and neglect/Shaken Baby Syndrome Malnutrition Failure to thrive Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Congenital abnormalities (spina bifida) Communicable diseases i.e. pertussis

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT EARLY CHILDHOOD 1-6 years old 20-24 months: Learns to control bowel/bladder Explores world HOW??? 2-3 years old: “temper tantrums” are common Child becomes frustrated because they can’t do things for themselves

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4-6 years old: Muscle coordination develops Learn how to skip, jump rope Play “beside” other children but really don’t play “with” them until about 6 years old. Children need order and routine in their lives

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4-6 years old: Muscle coordination develops, child can run, jump and skip rope During this stage children play “beside other children, but not necessarily “with” them Children need order and routine in their daily lives

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PREADOLECENT YEARS/LATE CHILDHOOD 6-12 years old Physical growth rate increases Sexual characteristics may begin to develop Children are able to understand abstract ideas such as morals, ethics They become more group oriented

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Adolescence 12-20 years old Strives for independence Puberty begins Males 13-15 Females 11-13 -Menarche 1st period Most traumatic life stage They experience conflict when told to “grow up” but are reminded they are “still children”

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Adolescents begin to make decisions and accept responsibility Seek groups of people of their own age and interests and peers become a powerful influence

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Eating Disorders Accidents #1 killer of teens Suicide usually give signals, should be taken seriously Chemical abuse Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) Pregnancy

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Early or Young Adult Years 20-40- years old This is the most productive age: careers childbearing Stresses include: Careers Marriage Children

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Young adults are: -More independent -Seek ways to contribute to society Social group moves away from peers and more towards people of the same interests and ambitions

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Middle Adulthood 40-60 years old Physical changes gray hair wrinkles wt. gain Menopause cessation of the menstrual cycle

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Period of contentment: Job stability Good health End of child rearing OR Period of Crisis Loss of job -Fear of aging Marital problems -divorce rates are high “empty nest syndrome” “Mid-life crisis”

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Early – Middle Adulthood development of: Cardiovascular Disease -from increased BP, -stress of job, marriage etc. Cancer -smoking, -sun/chemical exposure Diabetes -wt. gain, -decreased activity/exercise

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Late Adulthood 60 years old until death Physical condition continues to decline -Decreased hearing -Hair and bones become thin HOWEVER, some people do not show signs of aging until their 70’s or 80’s

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Emotional adjustments involve dealing with: Retirement Death of a spouse Physical disabilities Loss of independence Theses changes can lead to new social roles/relationships Involvement in church and community are common in this age group

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Late Adulthood Development of: Cerebrovascular Accident Osteoporosis Dementia and Alzheimer’s Abuse and neglect

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Stages of Death and Dying Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Denial - This is the “No not me” stage, which usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness. The person cannot accept the reality of death or the person feels that loved ones cannot accept the truth.

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Anger – This occurs when the person is no longer able to deny death they may strike out against others or become hostile or bitter. Statements like “why me?” are common.

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Bargaining – The person has accepted death but wants more time to live. They may make promises to God for more time. The will to live is very strong at this time and patients fight hard to achieve goals.

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Depression – This occurs when the person realizes death will come and they will no longer be able to be with their families or be able to complete some of their goals. They may experience overwhelming despair and/or great sadness

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Acceptance – This is the final stage. The person has accepted the fact that they will die and may begin to help others around then deal with their death.

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HOSPICE Palliative Care: care that provides support and comfort Usually in the pt.’s home and pt. has < 6 mths. to live Hospice’s philosophy of care is to allow the pt. to die with dignity: DNR -Right to Die

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Measures of comfort provided by Hospice: Equipment: beds, wheelchairs etc. Counseling: spiritual, financial Providing free or reduced medicines Pain control When death is imminent, pt. can die with dignity surrounded by family