The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution 22 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Europe in 1914 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent Rivalries over colonies Nationalism Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve of revolution Militarism Conscription Russia an army of 1.3 million France and Germany, 900,000 Influence of military leaders Complex military plans Inflexibility of military plans

World War I, 1914-1918 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia, June 28, 1914 Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914 Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements Germany promises support Russian mobilization Schlieffen Plan

The Great War 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate Trench warfare Failure of the Schlieffen Plan First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914 Russian failures Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

World War I, 1914 – 1918

1916 – 1917: The Great Slaughter Trench warfare “No man’s land” No plan for fighting a trench war Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed Horrors of trench warfare

The Widening of the War Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary Middle East T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935) Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific Entry of the United States Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 German return to unrestricted submarine warfare United States enters the war, April 6, 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War Extension of government power Politics Economics Internal dissent Defense of the Realm Act in Britain Propaganda New roles for women

The Russian Revolution Problems of Tsar Nicholas II Military problems Influence of Rasputin Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917 Led by women Demand “Peace and bread” Soldiers joined the strike Provisional government takes control Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970) Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution V.I. Lenin (1870-1824) Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918

Civil War Communist (Red) Army Leon Trotsky White army How the Bolsheviks won Red Terror Chekka Allied invasion 100,000 troops

The Last Year of the War Last German offensive, March - July, 1918 Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918 William II abdicated, November 9, 1918 Armistice, November 11, 1918

The Peace Settlement Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to punish Germany Agreement to create the League of Nations

The Treaty of Versailles Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919 Article 231, War Guilt Clause Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

The Other Peace Treaties Territorial changes in Europe Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears Germany and Russia lose territory Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire Mandates France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle East after World War I ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Futile Search for Stability Uneasy peace, uncertain security Weaknesses of the League of Nations Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr valley Dawes Plan, August 1924 Treaty of Locarno, 1925 Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926 Disarmament

The Great Depression Two events set the stage for the depression Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis Problems of the 1920s Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 Worldwide problems High unemployment Bank failures Governments relied on: Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs Increased involvement of the government into economics Renewed interest in Marxist principles

The Democratic States Britain France Germany United States John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes argued for putting people to work Called for deficit spending France Governmental problems Popular Front Germany Weimar Republic Runaway inflation, 1922-1923 Prosperity from 1924-1929 United States New Deal Works Progress Administration (WPA) Social reforms

Socialism in Soviet Russia Problems facing Russia after the Civil War New Economic Policy (NEP) Modified capitalism The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952) Women’s rights and social welfare Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power The Politburo Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual Trends Breakdown of middle-class values Nightmares and New Visions Abstract painting Dadaism Tristan Tzara (1896-1945) Surrealism Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) Probing the Unconscious James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) Mass entertainment

Discussion Questions What role did new technology play in World War I? Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in the conflict? How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution? What were the objectives of the major powers at the Versailles peace conference? How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the United States respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression?