American History Class Exploration and Discovery CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Mr. Coladonato American History Class HERNANDO CORTES FRANCISCO PIZARRO

I. Europeans America A. Vikings (1000) A. D. discover Vinland In N. A I. Europeans America A. Vikings (1000) A.D. discover Vinland In N.A. (Leif Erikson) http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/vikings/vikingnw.gif http://www.greenland-guide.gl/leif2000/history.htm B. -series of wars to take the (Holy Land) Palestine back from the Turks. C. Results of Crusades 1. Failed to free the from Muslim control 2. Helped Europe a. Built better ships b. Learned more about sailing c. Increased trade w/ Middle East - silks, spices, and cotton - new foods: rice oranges, and dates - spices- helped to preserve meat Explore CRUSADES Holy Land

d. Became more aware of the World ex d. Became more aware of the World ex. found more advanced empire in China D. Renaissance ( ) * 1. by Johannes Gutenberg spread learning 2. Scholars studied ancient writings of Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Jews. E. Rise of Strong Nations ( Rivals) All wanted to increase power through trade. Marco Polo Rebirth Printing Press Portugal, France, England, Spain

Needed to find new sea routes to Asia 1. Arab + Italians controlled silk and spice trade 2. Portugal – Caravel is a ship with rudders that helped with steering 3. Good maps were nonexistent – Prince Henry 4. New Instruments were introduced a. Magnetic Compass b. Astrolabe- measure position of the stars.

Africa, and up the east coast to India for spices. Portuguese Voyages 1. 1487-1488- Bartholomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa called the Cape of Good Hope. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html 2. 1497-1498 Vasco da Gama rounded the southern tip of Africa, and up the east coast to India for spices. Cape of Good Hope Success http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html

H Spanish Explorers 1. Columbus- Oct H Spanish Explorers 1. Columbus- Oct. 12, 1492( King Ferdinand and Queen Isabelle funded the voyage) a. Thought he reached the East Indies. b. Established 1st Colony of Hispaniola for Spain c. Crossed the Ocean Blue d. Died in 1506 in poverty. 2. Amerigo Vespucci 1499 sailed to Northern coast of S. America- A German mapmaker named America after him. The name America was derived from his name.

3. Vasco Balboa- 1513 Traveled from Spain and crossed the isthmus of Panama Waded out into a brand new ocean. He called this the South Sea (Pacific); and Claimed the entire ocean for Spain.

4. Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)1519-1522 a. Sailed for SPAIN b 4. Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)1519-1522 a. Sailed for SPAIN b. Discovered Strait of Magellan (tip of S. America c. Named the “Pacific Ocean”- Peaceful d. The goal of his voyage was to the earth- or go around the earth. e. Magellan was in the Philippines by tribes f. His crew, however returned in 1522. i. Proved that could be reached by sailing west circumnavigate killed Asia http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www2.worldbook.com/features/explorers/assets/magAni-t.gif&imgrefurl=http://www2.worldbook.com/features/explorers/html/age_magellan.html&h=160&w=202&sz=10&tbnid=kFhJjWHfXdEJ:&tbnh=78&tbnw=99&hl=en&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmagellan%2Bexpedition%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005-33,GGLG:en

Line of Demarcation- 1494 WAR!! NO!!! The Pope at the time made Portugal and Spain sign a treaty. This line divided the world up into the parts each country could control. Portugal could control all land East, and Spain all land West of the line. Look in the left box.

“The Indians are totally deprived of their freedom… Even beasts enjoy more freedom when they are allowed to graze in the field.” --Bartolome` de Las Casas, Tears of the Indians His solution- transport African slaves to the Americas

4. Ponce de Leon- 1513 explored Florida while searching for the “Fountain of Youth.” 5. Pizzaro– 1521 ( conquistador) invaded South America and conquered the Incas in Peru (P.I.P). 6. Cortez- 1521 (conquistador) invaded Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire (C.A.M).

The Spanish Empire in North and South America

The Laws of the Indies in the Spanish Colonies Born in Spain Held highest jobs Encomienda- the Spanish right to Demand taxes & Labor From Native Americans Gov’t Officials And the clergy Peninsulares Born in Americas to Sp. Parents Wealthy, educated, but could never Hold jobs of peninsulares Creoles Mixed Spanish and Indian races Mostly farmers, carpenters, & tailors. Mestizos Lowest class of all! – poorly treated & kept in poverty. Indians

Coronado and Desoto- a. looked for the Seven cities of gold b Coronado and Desoto- a. looked for the Seven cities of gold b. No gold, but found villages in the Southeast and Southwest SPANISH EMPIRE http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Media?id=lr005007

This was the Protestant Reformation- 1520’s Rivalries increased- leaders in Germany and England protested the Catholic Church and its beliefs. Christianity Church Of England Protestant Let the Fighting Begin

b) He claimed the eastern coast of Canada for England. J. English Explorers John Cabot (Caboto) ( ) a) In 1497-1498 was one of the first explorers to cross the Atlantic Ocean in search of the through the Americas. b) He claimed the eastern coast of Canada for England. **He did not find The N.W. Passage, but he found great fishing** Italian Northwest Passage

Giovanni de Verrazano ( ) - 1524 French National Flag (c. 1370 - 1604) I. French Explorers Giovanni de Verrazano ( ) - 1524 a. 1st Fr. Explorer- sailed to the waters off the coast of Florida, then northward along the eastern coast to Nova Scotia. He was looking for the Northwest Passage, but never found it. –(Verrazano bridge) Italian Cartier-1534 Discovered St. Lawrence River Champlain- 1608 a. Established 1st French Settlement in Quebec b. Discovered Lake Champlain in N.Y. c. recorded valuable info. the Gr. Lakes region

4. Father Marquette and Joliet 1673 (MISSIONARIES) 4. Father Marquette and Joliet 1673 (MISSIONARIES) a) gave the French claims to all land that bordered the Mississippi River to the mouth of the Arkansas River. There goals were: b) to look for the Northwest Passage to the Pacific ocean. c) to teach Christian beliefs to the Native Americans Marqguette and Joliet Stopped here http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/marquette.htm

Claimed all this for France 3. La Salle- 1682 a) Explored Miss. River from source to mouth b) claimed river valley- Louisiana for France