What is a Case Study? A case study can be defined as an in-depth investigation of human experience called ‘a case’. The aim of the case study is to describe,

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 2 The Process of Experimentation
Advertisements

Sections 2 and 3 Chapter 1. Review of the Scientific Method The scientific method is not a list of rules that must be followed but a general guideline.
C ONDITIONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS Watson & Rayner, 1920.
Conditioned emotional reactions
Recapping the behaviourist principles.
Core Study: Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert BATs Outline and evaluate Watson and Rayner’s experiment to induce a phobia in a young child (C+) Hand.
Outline: Research Methodology: Case Study - what is case study
Case Studies in Developing Countries Introduction The case study has been especially used in social science research, such as, human geography,
Unit 2 The Learning approach Study in Detail Watson & Raynor (1920)
Contents Research Methods Planning Research The Experimental Method Advantages and Disadvantages Questioning Advantages and Disadvantages The Observational.
Chapter 1 Psychology as a Science
Research Methods and Design
Ms. Carmelitano RESEARCH METHODS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES.
Research Methods in Psychology (Pp 1-31). Research Studies Pay particular attention to research studies cited throughout your textbook(s) as you prepare.
Research Methods Resource: Text Chapter 2. What is the scientific method?  a set of principles and procedures that are used by researchers to develop.
Ms. Carmelitano RESEARCH METHODS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES.
Little Emotional Albert Rachel Walterman, Jamie Clay, Jess Schweer, Candace Cornick.
URBDP 591 I Lecture 3: Research Process Objectives What are the major steps in the research process? What is an operational definition of variables? What.
Notes on Research Design You have decided –What the problem is –What the study goals are –Why it is important for you to do the study Now you will construct.
Scientific Processes Mrs. Parnell. What is Science? The goal of science is to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural.
Methods of Research and Enquiry Qualitative Case Study by Dr. Daniel Churchill.
Scientific Methods and Terminology. Scientific methods are The most reliable means to ensure that experiments produce reliable information in response.
Section 1. Qualitative Research: Theory and Practice  Methods chosen for research dependant on a number of factors including:  Purpose of the research.
Chapter 2 Section 1 Conducting Research Obj: List and explain the steps scientists follow in conducting scientific research.
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data Data= numbers Operational definition of research & “closed” data in the form of numbers (generally not open to interpretation.
Research Design Overview Goal: To provide a brief overview of the types of research conducted in the fields of education and nursing as a review for students.
Qualitative Research Methodology
Resource: Text Chapter 2
IB Psychology Research Methodology
Module 2 Research Strategies
Introduction paragraph – what looking to investigate.
How to Research Lynn W Zimmerman, PhD.
Chapter 2 Sociological Research Methods.
Chapter 2 Doing Sociological Research
Psychological Methods
Reliability and Validity
10.4 Qualitative Research Case Studies Ms. Binns.
Experimental & Non-experimental Methods
Classical Conditioning
Classic Study Watson and Rayner: Little Albert
Exam Skills.
Do you have any? Phobias What do you think caused them?
Chapter 2: Psychological Methods
Module 02 Research Strategies.
Conducting Research in the Social Sciences
The Scientific Method.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Thinking
Lesson 5. Lesson 5 Extraneous variables Extraneous variable (EV) is a general term for any variable, other than the IV, that might affect the results.
Laboratory and Field Experiments
5.3 Classic Evidence: Myers and Diener (1995)
Basic Research Methods
Research Methods in Psychology
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Method Issues
Understanding the research process
Evidence-Based Scientific Inquiry
Formulating the research design
The Scientific Method.
Famous Psychology Experiments
What is qualitative research?
Unit 2 – Methods Objective 1 Describe quantitative and qualitative  methods such as surveys, polls, and statistics used in sociological research.  Objective.
Biological Science Applications in Agriculture
Focus Group Methodology
Learning Chapter 6.
Quantitative Research Methods
Observations.
AS Psychology Research Methods
Is psychology a science?
AS Psychology Research Methods
Presentation transcript:

What is a Case Study? A case study can be defined as an in-depth investigation of human experience called ‘a case’. The aim of the case study is to describe, understand, and often explain a psychological or social phenomenon from the perspective of the participants. The case study is useful for investigating sensitive topics such as domestic violence. It is also useful to investigate social processes in groups.

Little Albert Watson & Rayner (1920) Aim: To see if emotional responses such as fear could be conditioned. To see whether phobias can be conditioned.

Little Albert Watson & Rayner (1920) Procedure: Pre conditioning testing: Albert was exposed to a white rat and the noise of a steel bar being struck by a hammer behind his head at 9 months old. Fear response to the noise was an unconditioned stimulus as no learning was required. Conditioning trials: At 11 months old, Albert was again exposed to the white rat, but when he reached for the rat the steal bar was struck behind him. This process was repeated five times the next week and twice more 17 days later. Post conditioning test: Afterwards the effects were tested by showing Albert the rat alone and monitoring his reaction. 

Little Albert Watson & Rayner (1920) Conclusion: Watson and Rayne concluded that it is possible to produce a fear response in a human using the process of classical conditioning.

Strengths Limitations Fit to investigate sensitive and complex issues in areas that couldn’t be studied otherwise Can study group processes within a social group Results may bring to light entirely new knowledge which challenges preconceived notions and contradicts established theory Researcher bias Difficult to generalize Risk of Participant Expectancy Example study: Watson & Rayner (1920): Little Albert The study has high reliability as the use of standardised procedures, such as the pre-conditioning phase allows for complete control over all extraneous variables Lacks population validity as the findings cannot be generalized to others Lacks ecological validity so the findings cannot be generalized to other settings outside the laboratory situation

Data collection methods Case studies use techniques such as personal interviews, direct observation, psychometric tests, and archival records to gather information. They are used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. However, they cannot be generalized to the overall population, and they cannot provide predictive power. A case study serves to provide information for the development of new hypotheses for future testing.

Data Analysis The researchers will have multiple data for analysis: notes from field observations and transcripts from focus group interviews. Inductive content analysis could be used to analyze the data. The researcher can triangulate, or try to find patterns within the study, in order to create assumptions and/or theories. These may in turn call for further experimentation (possible more quantitative). .

Considerations Application The Little Albert research has demonstrated that phobias can be learnt through the process of classical conditioning. Therefore, if we can understand how phobias do develop we can incorporate this into treatment of this form of behavior. Ethics Albert was conditioned to fear furry things, therefore breaking the guideline protection from harm.. In general, information which the subject did not want surfacing may be disclosed.

Considerations Other Researcher bias – close relationship between subject and researcher may develop and lead to invalid data/information May have to triangulate Can lead to questions/assumptions which provoke further quantitative research May not lead to concrete answers Sometimes archival records may not be able to be attained