ILkhanate kingdom : Invasion of Abbasid territories, creating Ilkhanate kingdom. Another grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulegu, took charge of the Southwest region. He led the Mongols into the Abbasid territories, were they destroyed the city of Baghdad and killed the caliph, along with perhaps 200,000 residents of the city (1258). He continued to push West, threatening more of the Middle East. However he was defeated as a result of a temporary alliance between the Muslim Mamluks, under their military leader Baibars, and Christian crusaders in Palestine (1260).

Led to decline of the Seljuk Turks. Alliance between Mamluks (Mulsim warriors in Egypt) and Christian knights stop westward invasion (1260). Another grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulegu, took charge of the Southwest region. He led the Mongols into the Abbasid territories, were they destroyed the city of Baghdad and killed the caliph, along with perhaps 200,000 residents of the city (1258). He continued to push West, threatening more of the Middle East. However he was defeated as a result of a temporary alliance between the Muslim Mamluks, under their military leader Baibars, and Christian crusaders in Palestine (1260).

Most Mongols converted to Islam and assimilated into Persian society. The Il-khanate kingdom of Central Asia stretched from Byzantium to the Oxus River. Mongols allowed Persians to serve as ministers and provincial and local officials. Eventually, Hulegu and most Mongols living in the Il-Khanate converted to Islam. Before this conversion they tolerated all religions in Persia. After the conversion, Mongols supported massacres of Jews and Christians.

Yuan Dynasty: Political: Kublai Khan conquered China. China was the most difficult and protracted of the Mongols’ many conquests (taking 36 years). Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, began the conquest of China ruled by the Song Dynasty. China was more formidable than other Khan’s had come against. Kublai Khan’s armies spent 36 years attempting to conquer China (1235-1271).

Sent army to invade Japan (1274) Destroyed by a typhoon that the Japanese called “kamikaze” (divine winds.)

Failure led to Yuan decline. Japan only country not conquered by the Mongols despite repeated invasions. Failure led to Yuan decline. The Yuan Dynasty tried and failed to conquer Japan, Indochina, Burma, and the island of Java. These defeats suggested to the already unhappy Chinese population that the Mongols were not as fearsome as they once had been. The secret “White Lotus Society,” began quickly organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, a Buddhist monk from a poor peasant family, led a revolt that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

“White Lotus Society,” organized to overthrow Yuan Dynasty. Founded Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The Yuan Dynasty tried and failed to conquer Japan, Indochina, Burma, and the island of Java. These defeats suggested to the already unhappy Chinese population that the Mongols were not as fearsome as they once had been. The secret “White Lotus Society,” began quickly organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, a Buddhist monk from a poor peasant family, led a revolt that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

Interaction: Established the Yuan Dynasty. Builds “Forbidden City” in Beijing (Yuan capital). Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty. He rebuilt the city of Zhongdu, and made it his capital.

Economic: China merchants benefit. China comes into contract with Europeans. He brought prosperity to China because of cultural exchanges and improve trade with other countries, including European ones. Also during this time, the 17-year-old Venetian Marco Polo first visited China. After Polo returned to Italy he wrote a book about his trip which was a bestseller in Europe, and ignited European interest in China (1295).

Returned to Italy and wrote best-seller book about trip. Marco Polo, from city-state of Venice visited China (a Christian Ibn battuta). Returned to Italy and wrote best-seller book about trip. Ignited European interest in China (1295). He brought prosperity to China because of cultural exchanges and improve trade with other countries, including European ones. Also during this time, the 17-year-old Venetian Marco Polo first visited China. After Polo returned to Italy he wrote a book about his trip which was a bestseller in Europe, and ignited European interest in China (1295).

Long-Term Impact of the Mongols “Pax Mongolica,” (Mongolian peace) bring stability to Eurasia. 1. The period of Eurasian history between the 13th and 14th centuries is often called the “Pax Mongolica,” or Mongolian peace bring stability to Eurasia.

2. Promoted international trade. 3. Built roads for guarding trade routes. 4. Spread of information between Persia and China. Acupuncture spread to Middle East. 2. Mongols revitalized interregional trade between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. 3. The Mongols built a system of roads and continue to maintain and guard the trade routes. 4. The Mongols used a single international law for all their conquered territories. The system was copied by kingdoms in Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia.

5. Spread bubonic plague “Black Death” that killed one third of the population of Europe, and weakened serfdom. 5. Mongol conquest help to transmit the bubonic plague known as the “Black Death” that killed one third of the population of Europe.

6. Developed canon, making walled cities useless. 6. The era of walled cities came to an end, as walls proved useless against the Mongols siege technology. The Canon is considered a Mongol invention, bringing together technologies like Chinese gunpowder, Muslim flamethrowers, and European bell-casting techniques.

7. Europe gained the most from the exchanges of ideas and technologies facilitated by the Mongol Empire. (Mongol- style pants are adopted in the west.) 7. Males in Western Europe replace their tunics and roads with the Mongol- style pants and jacket combination.

That concludes the Mongol Empires.