Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Chapter 7 Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity

Racial and Ethnic Stratification Races Ethnic Groups Minority Groups The Potential for Conflict and Separation Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice Discrimination Institutional Discrimination McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Patterns of Intergroup Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism 7-1b Patterns of Intergroup Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism Assimilation Pluralism Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States African Americans Hispanics Native Americans Asian Americans White Ethnics McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociological Perspectives on Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity The Functionalist Perspective The Conflict Perspective The Interactionist Perspective The Future of Ethnic and Minority Group Relations Intergroup Relations Ethnicity McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-2 Figure 7.1 Share of Minorities in the Population of the United States, 1900-2050 The figures for the post-1998 period represent population projections by the Census Bureau, 1999. Source: Adapted from William P. O’Hare, “America’s Minorities—The Demographics of Diversity,” Population Bulletin, Vol. 47, No. 4, 1992, figure 1, p. 9. Reprinted by permission of Population Reference Bureau, Inc. Data added from U.S. Census Bureau, 1999. McGraw-Hill

Figure 7.2 African-American Progress in the United States: A Mixed Message 7-3 Although African Americans have made some gains in American life, the stubborn persistence of race problems endures. The United States has not become an integrated society despite the expansion of the African-American middle class. Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1999. Adapted from Newsweek, November 15, 1993, p. 54. McGraw-Hill

Figure 7.3 Grim Prospects for African-American Youth 7-4 Unemployment among 16- to 19-year-old persons, by race, 1980-1998. Source: Figure generated by the authors using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1997a, 1999. McGraw-Hill

Figure 7.4 Hispanics in the United States Mexican Americans constitute by far the largest Hispanic group in the United States. Cuban Americans have the highest income and the most education. McGraw-Hill Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1999, 2000.

Figure 7.4 Hispanics in the United States (continued) 7-5b Figure 7.4 Hispanics in the United States (continued) McGraw-Hill Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1999, 2000.

Figure 7.4 Hispanics in the United States (continued) McGraw-Hill Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1999, 2000.

Figure 7.4 Hispanics in the United States (continued) McGraw-Hill Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1999, 2000.

Sociological Perspectives on Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Functionalist Perspective: Ethnicity is functional because it promotes group formation and cohesion; is conducive to democratic order; and may function as a safety valve. However, ethnic differentiation in a multiethnic society can result in dysfunctions: it can reduce consensus, increase chances of conflict, and threaten societal equilibrium. The Future: Long-run social trends are eliminating ascriptive stratification based on race and ethnicity. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-6b Sociological Perspectives on Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity (continued) Conflict Perspective: Ethnocentrism, competition, and unequal power are the ingredients of racism; power is the mechanism by which domination and subjugation are achieved. The Future: Ethnic stratification will continue to exist as long as powerful dominant groups benefit; things can change through powerful social movements and radical social change displacing those in power. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7-6c Sociological Perspectives on Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity (continued) Interactionist Perspective: Ethnicity arises when communication between groups is limited; groups can be in conflict only if intergroup communication is limited and groups continue to see themselves as distinct and different from one another (constructed reality). The social definitions that groups have of one another are the root of ethnic conflict. The Future: As long as segregation and isolation of minority groups continues, ethnocentrism will continue and worsen. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.