WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE VS 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GREAT BRITAIN 1 1

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775): -American army surrounded Boston after Lexington and Concord. -British army attacks rebels to drive them back. Beaten back twice. Rebels run out of ammunition. Forced to retreat when British attack a 3rd time. -2200 British start battle. 1000 killed or wounded. -British forced to abandon Boston. They sail out of Boston. 2 2

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13. American Colonists Take Action: A. Thomas Paine writes Common Sense (1776): -Argues for American independence. B. Declaration of Independence (1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, and several others. Issued by the Second Continental Congress in July 1776. Declared our independence and created the United States of America. 5 5

Ideas of the Declaration Purpose: Break ties with England and create United States of America. - Purpose of Gov’t: Protect the rights, liberties of the people. - Power comes from the people. - Ideas did not apply to women, slaves, or Indians.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government” 7 7

Reasons why most people believed that England would win the war. Reasons why the American colonists believed that they would win the war. Reasons why most people believed that England would win the war. ADVANTAGES: 1. They were fighting for their homes, families, lives, and freedom. 2. George Washington 3. They were fighting on their home ground. 4. They were hoping for outside intervention 5. The English people would get tired of a long war. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Poorly trained army and no navy. 2. No money to fight a war. 3. Weak, inexperienced gov’t. 4. 2/3 of population were either Tories or didn’t care. 5. Professional English army, Hessians, and Indians against them. 6.Poor equipment and lack of food. 7. Soldiers could leave at will. 8 8

1. Professional army and navy. 2. Factories to make war materials. Reasons why England believed it would win its war with America. Reasons why England might not win the war. ADVANTAGES: 1. Professional army and navy. 2. Factories to make war materials. 3. $ to feed and supply an army. 4. A government to make decisions. 5. 1/3 of the American population were Tories. 1/3 of the American population were neutral or didn’t care. 6. Hessians and Indians on British side. 7. Americans were poorly supplied and trained. DISADVANTAGES: 1. England had a 3000 mile supply line. 2. English soldiers were fighting because they were told to fight. 3. America is a large piece of land and not easy to control or conquer. 4. Many of the English generals were afraid to make mistakes. 9 9

George Washington Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

British Capture New York 1776 The summer 1776 was a disaster for Washington in New York. The British under General Howe landed 30,000 soldiers on Long Island and quickly captured New York City, an important seaport. After three months of fighting, the Continental Army was reduced from 19,000 to 3,500 soldiers. General Howe was confident after defeating Washington that he boosted total victory and forecast an end to the war. Desertion was rampant among the Continental army during the Long Island Campaign that Washington issued an order to hang or shoot all deserters to prevent a total collapse of the army.

Crossing the Delaware (Christmas Night, 1776)

Germans hired to fight for the British. Hessians Germans hired to fight for the British.

Washington surprises Hessian troops on Christmas 1776. Battle of Trenton Washington surprises Hessian troops on Christmas 1776. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KF-Y7s_YIAU Battle of Trenton [Scene from the Crossing]

Albany Plan 1777 The plan was to divide New England from the rest of the colonies but moving troops up the Hudson River General St. Leger: From Canada to west, then east to Albany. General Burgoyne: From Canada south to Albany General Howe: From New York City to Albany

The Battle of Saratoga: The British planned a 3 pronged attack to capture the Hudson River Valley and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. - Gen. Burgoyne would march south from Canada to take Albany. - Gen. St. Leger would march east from the Great Lakes to Albany. - Gen. Howe would march north from NYC to Albany. St. Leger was defeated Howe never moved north. Burgoyne was on his own and met an American army at Saratoga. 16 16

Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers. THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA IS OFTEN CALLED A TURNING POINT OF THE WAR. THE AMERICAN VICTORY CAUSED THE FRENCH TO BEGIN TO SEND AID TO THE AMERICANS. Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers. Ben Franklin, living in France, was able to convince the French to help the Americans due to this victory. 17 17

The British Southern Campaign. - The war spread to the Southern Colonies. - British hoped to split the southern colonies away from the rest of the nation. - Southerners hadn't been as hostile as the New England colonies. - British hoped the Tories would help out. HISTORY FUN FACT: BANASTRE TARLETON: Led the British cavalry during the war. Infamous for murdering Colonial soldiers who surrendered and for conducting harsh acts against civilians. He is portrayed in the film “The Patriot.” However, the real Tarleton fled to England after the war and lived out his remaining years disgraced. Banastre Tarleton as portrayed in the “Patriot” The Real Banastre Tarleton

War in the Southern Colonies: 1778-1783

Yorktown Campaign - Cornwallis decided to retreat to Yorktown to await supplies from sea. A large army under the command of Washington (American) and Lafayette (French) surrounded Cornwallis (British) at Yorktown. - The French navy prevented Cornwallis‘ escape to sea Despite Lord Cornwallis’s surrender at Yorktown, the war would last another two uneventful years. His wife died during the siege at Yorktown, only adding to his gloom and despair.

The Battle of Yorktown: The American and French armies defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown. General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans. This marked the end of the war. 26 26

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