Daily Starter When you get your composition books. Open them to page 5. Sit quietly.

Earth’s Interior

What is geology? What is a geologist? Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. What is a geologist? A geologist is a scientist who studies: The earth’s history (how it has changed and what can we learn from those changes) The earth’s materials (what it is made up of and what it provides us) The earth’s processes (landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.)

Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior: Direct evidence from rock samples - rocks drilled from deep inside Earth allow geologist to make inferences about conditions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WbP4qVJo5Y Indirect evidence from seismic waves – seismic waves produced by earthquakes allow scientists to measure the speed in which they travel giving clues to the structure of the planet.

Click here for Brain Pop Video Geologist have discovered 3 main . These 3 layers break down into: - the crust -the mantle -the core (inner core and outer core) Each of the layers vary greatly in size, composition, temperature, and pressure! Click here for Brain Pop Video

The Crust Basalt Granite Layer of solid rock that forms Earth’s outer “skin” Includes both dry land and ocean floor - Oceanic crust consists mostly of basal - Continental crust, or the crust that forms the continents, consists mainly of granite Basalt Granite

The Mantle Layer of solid, hot rock 40 kilometers beneath the surface Divided into layers Lithosphere – uppermost part of mantle and the crust for a ridge layer about 100 kilometers thick Asthenosphere – softer part of mantle below the lithosphere which is hotter and under increased pressure Lower Mantle – solid material extending all the way to Earth’s core

The Core Made mostly of the metals iron and nickel Consists of two parts: Outer Core – layer of molten metal that surrounds inner core Inner Core – dense ball of solid metal Movement of liquid outer core creates Earth’s magnetic field

Daily Starter Once you receive your INB make sure your Earth’s Layers foldable is complete and glued in accurately to page 6 of your Interactive Notebook.

At the very top of your page 6 write very small: Answer: Rock samples and seismic waves Title page 6: Earth’s Layers

On the back of the earth tab write the following: CRUST -Brittle, rocky, solid outer layer of Earth -Cool -6-70 km thick

On the back of the inner core tab write the following: -solid ball -about 2400km in diameter

On the back of the outer core tab write the following: - Earth’s only liquid layer Made of molten iron and nickel - About 2300km thick

On the back of the lower mantle tab write the following: -solid and extremely HOT! -both the lower and upper mantle combined is about 2900km thick

On the back of the upper mantle tab write the following: -soft, plastic like texture -cool -allows tectonic plates to move

FUN FACT: To get to the center of the earth from Earth’s surface you would have to travel 6,355km, that is 3,948.81 miles! (From NC to CA is only 2,652 miles.)

Daily Starter Cut out your new note sheet on CONVECTION CURRENTS and glue it to page 7. MAKE SURE YOU ARE GLUING IT ON THE CORRECT PAGE, I WILL START TAKING OFF POINTS IF YOU ARE NOT ON THE CORRECT PAGE!!!!!

Convection Currents To explain how heat moves from Earth’s core through the mantle, you need to know how heat is transferred.

There are three types of heat transfer: Radiation Conduction Convection

Radiation The transfer of energy through empty space Has no direct contact between heat source and an object Example: Sunlight warming Earth’s surface

Conduction Heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter Example: Metal spoon heating up in a pot of soup or a cup of coffee.

Convection Transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid (includes liquids and gases) Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences in temperature and density within a fluid. Density: measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance Example: Heating water on a stove - as water on bottom gets hot it expands, becomes less dense and rises; when the surface water starts warming up it becomes denser and moves to the bottom causing a convection current, or the flow that transfers heat.

Convection Currents Convection currents flow in the mantle The heat source is: the earths core and the mantle itself These currents have been acting like a conveyer belt moving the lithosphere above for the past billion years.

Daily Starter Open INB’s to page 8. Sit silently.

How a convection current works – breaking it down! First: The density of mantle material is less than material above it, so the materials begin to rise. Second: The rising material hits the rigid lithosphere and cannot go up any further. Third: The force of gravity causes denser material to fall. Fourth: Core heat causes temperature to rise, therefore decreasing the density of material.

What is the result of convection currents? Convection currents cause the plates of the lithosphere to move The moving of the plates causes Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Building of mountains

Convection Currents

Review Notes – Word Bank Glue notes onto page 9 of your INB then complete using the word bank below Drilling Land Harry Hess Sea-floor spreading Climate change Magnetic stripes Subduction Pangea Fossils Continental drift Molten Alfred Wegener