Energy from Organic Fuels F4 Fossil Fuel Review

Review of Organic Fuels The Need for Energy Law of Physics Energy cannot be created or destroyed It can only be changed from one form to another Except for lightning, electricity is not a form of energy that can be found in nature

Review of Organic Fuels Generated by the conversion of other forms of energy Fossil fuel is burned to boil water Boiling water produces steam Steam exerts pressure on a turbine Turbine turns and produces mechanical energy Mechanical energy generates electricity This conversion is not 100 percent efficient

Review of Organic Fuels Changing Energy Needs Hunter-gatherer societies had very limited energy requirements so they used wood Agricultural societies needed more energy so they also used domesticated animals Industrial Revolution – Tasks that used to be done by people and animals were taken over by machines

Review of Organic Fuels Changing Energy Needs

Review of Organic Fuels Organic Fuels – contain carbon compounds that were once part of living organisms A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon. Carbon molecules require 4 bonds And a Hydrogen molecules require 1 bond Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 C C H H H H C H H H H H H

Review of Organic Fuels Octane C8H18 H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H Iso-octane C8H18 is branched chain Less volatile and less flammable Added to gasoline to control the rate at which it burns in a car's engine

Review of Organic Fuels Coal Formation – occurs in stages over millions of years At each stage, the plant matter loses more hydrogen and oxygen The remaining carbon becomes more concentrated As the carbon concentration increases, so does the amount of energy given off by burning it

Review of Organic Fuels Peat – a brittle, brown plant material containing a great deal of water and a low percentage of carbon Not a form of coal Is the first stage in the formation of coal Compacted mass of twigs, leaves, and branches that resembles decaying wood Located at or near Earth's surface Gives off a large amount of smoke because of its high percentage of water and impurities

Review of Organic Fuels Lignite – The second stage in coal formation A soft, brown coal composed of about 40 percent carbon Burns quickly and gives off very little smoke Located below Earth's surface and must be mined Bituminous Coal – about 85 percent carbon Forms deep in Earth's crust Most abundant type of coal mined in the US Less water and fewer impurities than lignite Burns hotter and with even less smoke Widely used in industry

Review of Organic Fuels Bituminous Coal Anthracite Coal – Shiny, black rock with about 95 percent carbon Pressure and heat change the sedimentary bituminous coal into a metamorphic rock Located deeper in the ground than any of the other forms of coal Has the least water, fewest impurities, and highest carbon content

Review of Organic Fuels Petroleum and Natural Gas Coal – solid fossil fuel Petroleum – (crude oil) liquid fossil fuel Natural Gas – a fossil fuel in the gaseous state Coal vs Petroleum Both are formed from the remains of once living organisms (fossils) Both are created by heat and pressure Coal is solid and made of plant material Petroleum is liquid and made of the remains of sea organisms

Review of Organic Fuels Petroleum – same process where layers of sediment create heat and pressure which form a syrupy liquid A great deal of pressure can build up in an oil pool trapped deep in the ground Pressure forces the oil upward, forming a gusher Where there is little or no pressure, oil must be pumped to the surface

Review of Organic Fuels One of the world's most important resources Used to: Make gasoline and diesel fuels To heat homes Burned to produce electricity Grease and other lubricants Asphalt used to pave roads Synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester Plastics are also made from petroleum Because petroleum takes millions of years to form, it is not a renewable resource

Review of Organic Fuels Natural Gas – a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons Methane is the primary component Other hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane may also be present Natural gas has been used for thousands of years 2000 years ago, Chinese used bamboo poles to pipe natural gas to areas where it was burned In 1802, Italy used natural gas in to light street lamps Today, it is used in industry and homes Used instead of coal or oil for heating because it burns cleaner than these other fuels

Review of Organic Fuels Natural Gas Often found trapped above petroleum pools The same wells frequently produces both natural gas and oil In fact, natural gas is sometimes viewed as a waste, or by-product, of petroleum drilling Petroleum processing plants, such as the one in the picture, can sometimes be seen burning off the natural gas

Complete the questions in the section review