Introduction to Immunology Lesson 4-1 Introduction to Immunology

Overview Immunology in the laboratory The immune system Cells, tissues, organs Humoral versus cell-mediated immunity

Overview Immunoglobulins Diseases Immunological tests Types Principles

Immunology Study of the immune system Began as study of infectious diseases Immune system fundamental to good health Immune system can also cause disease Allergies Autoimmune diseases

Immunological-Based Assays Used in all laboratory departments Disease diagnosis Identify microorganisms Type blood and tissue Identify cells Detect nonimmunological analytes Evaluate immune function

The Immune System Complex – many components Natural resistance (nonspecific) Physical barriers Secretions Phagocytes Inflammation Natural biochemicals

The Immune System Inflammation

The Immune System Specific immunity Recognition Specificity Memory – anamnestic response

Cells, Tissues, and Organs T and B lymphocytes Primary lymphoid organs Bone marrow Thymus Secondary lymphoid tissue Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils See Table 4-1

Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes Plasma cells Antibodies Effective against toxins and most bacteria See Table 4-2

Cell-Mediated Immunity T lymphocytes Macrophages Cytokines/lymphokines Effective against Viruses Intracellular organisms Tumor cells See Table 4-2

Cell-Mediated Immunity Subsets of T lymphocytes CD4+ (helper cells) CD8+ (cytotoxic cells) HIV destroys CD4+ cells

Immunoglobulins Structure and function Epitope-binding sites Heavy and light chains

Immunoglobulins Structure and function Fragments Fab Fc

Immunoglobulins Classes IgG IgM IgA IgD and IgE See Table 4-3

Immunoglobulins Primary and secondary responses IgM IgG

Diseases of Immune System Allergies Autoimmune diseases Inherited or congenital problems Malignancies Lymphoma Leukemia See Table 4-4

Immunological Tests Tests of immune function Tests based on Ag–Ab reactions Polyclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Test sensitivity and specificity Qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative See Table 4-5

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Agglutination Ab + particulate Ag

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Precipitation Ab + soluble Ag

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Agar precipitation

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Nephelometry

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Labeled antibody techniques Enzyme immunoassays Membrane immunoassays Immunofluorescence Chemiluminescence Protein immunoblotting Flow cytometry

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Comparison of EIA, Chemiluminescence and IF techniques

Principles of Ag–Ab Tests Membrane immunoassays This project was funded at $3,000,000 (100% of its total cost) from a grant awarded under the Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training Grants, as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. Rogue Community College is an equal opportunity employer/program. Auxiliary aids and services, alternate form and language services are available to individuals with disabilities and limited English proficiency free of cost upon request.   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.