Anatomy and Physiology Biochemistry 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d e. Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types. a. Describe the chemical and physical mechanisms of digestion, elimination, transportation, and absorption within the body to change food and derive energy. d. Examine various conditions that change normal body functions (e.g. tissue rejection, allergies, injury, diseases and disorders) and how the body responds. 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Elements in Living Organisms The most common elements found in living organisms include: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Periodic Table of the Elements (excerpt) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive. Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body. Organic molecules: usually associated with living things. always contain CARBON. are “large” molecules, with many atoms always have covalent bonds (share electrons) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecules of Cells Macro = large 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Sugars and groups of sugars Purposes: energy and structure Includes three types: Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy long storage & form structures) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Examples: Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc. Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule. Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects. 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Polysaccharides 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Polysaccharides 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #2: Lipids Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types: 1-triglycerides (fats & oils) (long-term energy storage, insulation) 2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane) 3-steroids (cell signaling) cholesterol molecules modified to form sex hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss) Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans. 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Triglycerides 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Phospholipids 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Steroids 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Waxes 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #3: Proteins Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules. Serve the most varied purposes, including: Support structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions Transport cell membranes channels, transporters in blood (e.g., Hemoglobin) Defense antibodies of the immune system Hormones cell signaling (e.g., insulin) Motion contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Collagen 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Antibodies 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Cellular Transport 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

actin & myosin fibers in muscles Motion actin & myosin fibers in muscles 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #3: Proteins The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids. There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids. Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains. 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur Very important to living organisms – cannot live without enzymes 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

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How does an enzyme work? Enzymes have an Active Site where a substrate will combine with it Once this happens, a new product is made Enzymes are very specific This is called a Lock and Key Fit Most active at optimum temperatures (usually at 37°C in humans) 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

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What can alter an enzyme? Enzymes can be denatured very easily by temperature or pH The enzyme’s structure is altered or damaged and can no longer work properly Most enzymes end in the suffix -ase 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide contains (a) phosphate molecule, (b) nitrogenous base, and (c) 5-carbon sugar Several types of nucleic acids, including: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material, double stranded helix RNA: ribonucleic acid Genetic material, single stranded ATP: adenosine triphosphate High energy compound 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

DNA 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Nucleotide Structure 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Metabolism Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. Has 2 divisions: Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions where small molecules are bonded to form larger ones. AKA Synthesis or Endergonic Reactions Catabolism: Energy releasing reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. AKA Decomposition or Exergonic Reactions 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d

Chemistry is essential for life… THE BIG PICTURE Chemistry is essential for life… 6/1/2018 SAP1 e and SAP4 a and d