Human Biochemistry HL additional topics

HL additional topics Which glands and hormones are required for DP? Pituitary, ADH, kidneys, water Thyroid, thyroxine, whole body, growth Adrenal cortex, aldosterone, kidneys, sodium pumps Adrenal medulla, adrenaline, whole body, fight or flight Pancreas, insulin, all cells, blood sugar Ovary, estrogen, female parts, female characteristics/development Testes, testosterone, male parts, male charateristics/development

HL additional topics What is common of steroid based hormones? The 4 fused carbon rings are a base structure even if they are not all the same rings. Bodybuilding.com Elmhurst.edu

HL additional topics What are enzymes? They are biological catalysts. They are globular proteins. They show how shape relates to function. They require activation or deactivation. Ischool.zm Textbookofbacteriology.com

HL additional topics What is the chemistry of enzymes? Enzymes lower activation energy. Active sites provide areas of IM forces to create enzyme substrate complexes. All reactions are reversible. Use double arrows. Chem.perdue.edu Chem4kids.com

HL additional topics What are lock-and-key and induced fit mechanisms? This shows the highly specific function of each enzyme. Lock and key is rigid, induced fit is more pliable. www.mun.ca Pheonixhealth.em

HL additional topics What is saturation in enzyme activity? It is just like reaction rate and when they hit equilibrium/completion. Shows a rate and an “end point”. Gcsescience.com Tiem.utk.edu

HL additional topics What does the graph show us? At low substrate concentration, rate depends on substrate. At high substrate concentration, rate is steady due to “saturated” enzymes. The slope changes due to approaching saturation.

HL additional topics What is the Michaelis-Menten equation? This takes into account the maximum velocity and the Michaelis constant. Velocity is rate based on the molecules processed per enzyme molecule per time (turnover number). The Michaelis constant is ½ the max velocity. A small number means it starts quickly and a high number means it starts slowly

HL additional topics How is enzyme activity affected by environment? students.cis.uab.edu How is enzyme activity affected by environment? Enzymes operate in an optimum temperature. Being amphoteric, specific pH’s are required, also. Certain metal ions interact with ionic situations.

HL additional topics What are chemical inhibitors? Chemicals that stop the ability of substrates to bind to the active site. Competitive bind to the same site (whole or part). Non-competitive bind to a different site to change the shape of the active site. Chemistry.tutorvista.com

HL additional topics What are nucleic acids? Chemistry.msu.edu What are nucleic acids? They store genetic information. They contain sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. Built from chains of nucleotides.

HL additional topics How are the nucleotides separated? Users.rcn.com HL additional topics How are the nucleotides separated? C pairs with G and A pairs with T A and G are purines and bigger T and C are smaller and pyrimidines G and C make 3 H bonds while A and T make 2 Chemistry.msu.edu

HL additional topics How do nucleotides come together? Chemguide.co.uk How do nucleotides come together? It is a 3’-5’ linkage with a phosphate in the middle. DNA comes together as a double helix. Wikibooks.org

HL additional topics How does the design meet the expectations of DNA? Stability is gained by maximized hydrophobic interactions between stacked bases while allowing the hydrophilic phosphates to interact with surroundings. The base code sequence is a code for all things in the body. The hydrogen bonding allows for opening and closing of the strand to replicate and transcribe.

HL additional topics What is RNA? Alsa.org What is RNA? It is a single stranded replication of DNA to leave the nucleus. Has Uracil instead of Thymine Comes in messenger, transfer, and ribosomal.

HL additional topics What happens in DNA profiling? Restriction enzymes break DNA into pieces at specific points Polymerase chain reaction copies the segments The sections are then separated by electrophoresis Then it is treated with radioactive elements and exposed on film

HL additional topics What happens in respiration? Energy rich molecules are broken down in the body. Done with oxygen (aerobic) or without (anaerobic) hyperphysics

HL additional topics What are the steps of respiration? Glycolysis Fermentation Oxidation

HL additional topics What are cytochromes? They are electron transport carriers. They move the electrons through the electron transport chain A prosthetic group containing heme (iron) continually oxidizes and reduces to transport electrons. Biochemj.org

HL additional topics What are hemoglobin and myoglobin? Another transport molecule that doesn’t change oxidative state. The molecule becomes oxygenated so it changes shape to hold onto O2 molecules.