Biochemistry I Topic Review

Levels of complexity in the cell Why is life Carbon-based? Key functional groups Properties of water: hydrophobic exclusion, buffering, bonding Bioenergetics: key equations, thermodynamics vs kinetics, activation energy, calculating Keq and ΔG

Proteins: amino acids, R-groups and properties, isoelectric points, peptide bonds Protein Purification and characterization: types of chromatography, gel electrophoresis, activity and specific activity Protein Structure: levels of structure, constraints on folding Secondary Structures: alpha helices and beta sheets The problem of protein folding

Determining protein structure: x-ray crystallography and NMR Folding, Denaturation, and cooking Misfolding diseases Protein Binding: lock-and-key vs induced fit, equations of binding, cooperativity! Immune functions and ELISA Muscle movement and function

Nucleotides: composition and base-pairing DNA structure and discovery Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: replication, transcription, translation Mutation: causes and consequences DNA Cloning: process and tools PCR, DNA electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing methods DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Microarrays

Carbohydrates: structure, epimers, and L vs D Sugar cyclization and polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty acid structure, classes of lipids Lipids: membrane lipids and cholesterol Enzymes: what do they do? How to stabilize TS? Enzyme kinetics: equations and behavior, distinguishing mechanisms and inhibitors

Glycolysis! Pathway and mechanisms, energy yield Fermentation; anaerobic vs aerobic exercise TCA Cycle! Pathway and mechanisms, energy yield, tracking radioactive carbons Regulation of catabolism Gluconeogenesis pathways and regulation of PFK-1 Electron Transport Chain: entry, e- transport, proton and ATP yield, inhibitors

ATP Synthase and oxidative phosphorylation Uncouplers Lipid Catabolism: beta oxidation pathway, energy Starvation and ketone bodies Protein catabolism: amino transfer and the urea cycle Photosynthesis: light reactions and carbon fixation