Before the Revolutions Russia 1914-1917 Before the Revolutions

How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (1) Stolypin’s measures effective in restoring order in the countryside Reform to build up Kulak class inspired but effects were limited Dumas limited in power Little done to win loyalty from urban poor Lena Goldfields massacre (1912)

How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (2) Some argue that Russian society fragmenting after 1861- rural society breaking down Little link between urban workers & new urban middle classes Bolshevik party was stronger than ever, working classes politically conscious

How strong was Tsardom in 1914? (3) Other historians argue that Bolsheviks were not in such a strong position – militants likely to distrust middle class intelligentsia Great strides made in the economy – over 8% growth in the 1890s, between 1906-1913 6% BUT growth not uniform – Russia not performing well against other economies 1913 industry=only 20%national income & only 18% Russians were urban Russia was largest debtor nation by 1914

Russia & the War Can be argued that performance in War was not as bad as first thought But Russian Home Front was first to collapse Poor decisions by government over taxation – policies led to inflation Tsar refused to listen to advice – connection with Rasputin undermined tsarist authority Loyalty of the Army faded Any positive successes undermined by military failure

Why were there 2 revolutions in 1917? (1) Tsar abdicated – power passed to Provisional Govt – revolution quite spontaneous ‘Dual’ power in Petrograd but neither really in control Prov govt continued with War & was then overthrown in October Soviets argued that Bolsheviks already important in creating climate of discontent Lenin’s return critical

Why were there 2 revolutions in 1917? (2) Chernov hesitant Kerensky’s influence faded – attacked by both Left & Right Importance of Lenin – a practical & flexible politician Soviets argue that 2nd Revolution was inevitable Essentially rising of masses but guided by the Bolsheviks Successful because there was a power vacuum