Migration Facts and theory

Migration

The typology migrants 1. Labour migrations 1.1. permanent settlement 1.2 temporary workers 1.3 circular migrations (to and from) 2. Family migrations (Family unification) 3. Forced migrations (tied to war, ethnic conflict, loss of livelihood) 4. Study migrations (students may stay on after their studies) 5. Retirement migrations (“gray” migrations) 6. Trafficking People smuggling -mainly women and minors- for sexual exploitation, “sweat shop” labour, begging and delinquency 3 3

Undocumented migrants in Europe Estimations: 5 million of Europe’s 56.1 million migrants in 2000 with irregular status (~10%) Target: South European countries Jobs: tourism, construction, agriculture, domestic work, child and elderly care, cleaning services, warehousing and transport. GLOBAL COMMISSION FOR MIGRATION REPORT, 2005 * See Stephane de Tapia, New patterns of irregular migration in Europe European Committee on Migration- Integrated project “Responses to violence in everyday life in a democratic society” Council of Europe Publishing Seminar report 12 and 13 November 2002. Strasbourg, December 2003: 37 Irregular migration data are notoriously unreliable. They are based on refusals of entry at border checkpoints, illegal border crossings, apprehensions, deportations/expulsions, trafficking and data from regularisation programmes. The dangers of irregular migration The International Centre on Migration Policy Development estimates that some 2,000 migrants die each year trying to cross the Mediterranean from Africa to Europe. 4 4

Three directions in EU migration flows Historical flows immigration countries (FR,BE,DE,NL,UK,SW,DK) Large numbers of asylum seekers (resulting from conflict in Yugoslavia, Iraq war, Afghanistan, Kosovo) Post 2000 increasing inflows of East Europeans especially to UK,SW, DK Comprises of Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain plus Cyprus and Malta starting get migrants (most of them undocumented in the middle of 90s) 5

Migration: gender composition Women: 50% Case of migration from South America: the number of migrant women exceeded the number of migrant men In Africa and Asia, migrant men were in the majority. 6

Eastern countries The East European member states are senders and receivers of migrants They present young, mostly skilled labour migrants of cultural proximity and ethnic affinity to west-north Europeans. Motivations for mobility: Loss of employment due to massive restructuring in productive capacity, high unemployment and comparatively low wages. Lean welfare system has left a generation with meagre coverage. Labour in industry primarily affected. “It might be speculated that, in the long run, West European publics are likely to be more comfortable with the scenario of getting used to Balkan and Slavic accents, rather than seeing black and brown faces in the same jobs, or (especially) hearing them speak the language of Allah. There is indeed a racial and ethnic logic inherent in the EU enlargement process: borders to the East will be opened as they are increasingly rammed shut to those from the South” A. Favel, “The new face of East- West migration in Europe” in Journal of Ethnic Migration Studies, 2008 35(5): 712 THESE MIGRATION STREAMS ARE GENDERED 7 7

International Labor Mobility (cont.)

International Labor Mobility (cont.)

Two countries: MPL MPL* MPL MPL* B L1 A C L2 Nat. Empl O Foreign Empl Migration Flow Total employment

Labor market issues in host countries Complements or substitutes ? Something other …

wages S A A’1 W W1 A1 D D1 L’1 L1 L labour

Economic issues Migration and remittances Migration and local development

Table 5.3 Workers’ Remittances and Net Foreign Aid, 2007 Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers 14

Table 5.4 Gains from Immigration Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers 15

Migration and demography Open issues: Aging of the population Fertility

Figure 5. 4 Share of Foreign-Born Workers in U. S Figure 5.4 Share of Foreign-Born Workers in U.S. Workforce, 2008 Feenstra and Taylor: International Economics, Second Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers 17

A comparison

Another example: Japan

Population pyramid Brownse this website: http://populationpyramid.net/

The European Union 1992 Maastricht Treaty: European Citizenship for EU nationals only 1997 Amsterdam Treaty: ‘fair treatment of third country nationals New anti-discrimination rules European Convention on Human Rights Emphasis on security and migration control could undermine integration objectives.

Attitudes towards foreigners in the EU

Migration and assimilation

Traditional models of integration Assimilation Immigrants to give up their original culture, language and religion Immigrants as citizens Differential exclusion ‘Guestworker’ countries (Germany, Switzerland, etc.) Migrants included in labour market, health system Migrants excluded from politics, culture, No family reunion, settlement or citizenship

The role of national governments Avoid immigration policies that stigmatise immigrants Equal opportunities in employment, education, health, etc. Government services: Open to all members of society Take account of diverse needs and values Citizenship Easy naturalisation for immigrants Automatic citizenship for the second generation

Spanish case

Spanish case: islam in Spain

Spain: complements or substitutes