Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness

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Presentation transcript:

Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness WHS AP Psychology Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness Essential Task 4-3: Describe the other sensory processes (e.g., hearing, touch, taste, smell, vestibular, kinesthesis,pain), including the specific nature of energy transduction (Frequency Theory, Place Theory ,Volley Principle, Gate Control Theory) relevant anatomical structures, and specialized pathways in the brain for each of the senses. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Perceptual Constancies Sensation Vision The Eye Theories Hearing The Ear Other Senses Smell Taste Pain Gestalt Principles Perceptual Constancies Perception Basic Principles Visual Illusions Depth Perception We are here

States of Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness Waking Consciousness Daydreaming and Fantasy Sleep Circadian Rhythm Stages/REM Dreams Disorders Drug-Altered Consciousness Depressants Hallucinogens Stimulants Hypnosis Hidden Observer Actor Meditation Substance Abuse

Essential Task 4-3: Describe the other sensory processes Hearing Taste Outline Describe the other sensory processes Hearing Relevant anatomical structures Sound Localization Theories of Hearing Place Theory vs. Frequency Theory (Volley Principle) Taste Smell Touch and pain Gate Control Theory Vestibular Kinesthesis and proprioception

Audition Audition – is the sense or act of hearing Sound waves – Rhythmic movement of air molecules Frequency – the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (per second, megahertz) Pitch – Higher or lower tone of a sound; it depends on frequency Recent movies in space… can they hear anything? Why is there no sound? There are no air molecules!

Frequency the number of complete wavelengths that pass through point at a given time. This determines the pitch of a sound.

Amplitude is how loud the sound is. The higher the crest of the wave is the louder the sound is. It is measured in decibels.

Sound intensity – Loudness Measured in Decibels

Ear Parts Pinna – external part of the ear Auditory canal – inner ear; the narrow passageway from the outer ear to the eardrum Tympanic membrane – Eardrum Auditory ossicles – three small bones that vibrate; link ear drum with the cochlea Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) MIS HAS HIS HAS

Ear Parts Oval window Cochlea – snail-shaped organ that makes up the inner ear; it contains the cilia Cilia (Stereocilia) – Hair cells/receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibration into nerve impulses Basilar membrane – inner surface of the cochlea that contains the hair cells Cilia are equivalent to rods and cones they are both receptors and they transduce information

The Ear! Outline https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc

Directional Stereophonic Hearing Sound Localization Outline Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. OBJECTIVE 14| Describe how we pinpoint sounds. Directional Stereophonic Hearing

Theories of Hearing Place theory Pitch (how high or low something is) is determined by location of vibration along the basilar membrane But this doesn’t explain low-pitch since we haven’t found specific positions for those on the basilar membrane Explains high pitch Outline Place theory – hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based upon where they are located in cochlea Pitch theory – some hair cells sense upper range and some hairs respond to lower range

Theories of Hearing Frequency theory (Pitch perception) all sounds are encoded to the brain by neurons firing at a rate that mimics the frequency of the sound. Pitch is determined by frequency hair cells produce action potentials Example if the frequency of the sound is 100 waves per second then the neuron fires at 100 pulses per second. But we can hear frequencies above 1000 waves per second but can’t fire neurons faster than 1000 pulses per second. Explains low pitch Volley Principle Pattern of sequential firing creates a combined high frequency signal

Volley Principle when high frequency sounds are experienced too frequently for a single neuron to adequately process and fire for each sound event, the organs of the ear combine the multiple stimuli into a "volley" in order to process the sounds. Multiple neurons fire together to create the high pitch sound

Auditory Frequencies What is the audiable range for humans? 20-20,000 Hz (20-20,000 vibration per sound) 1 Hz is 1 vibration per sound Ultrasound (Higher frequency) we cannot perceive – beyond our upper limits Dog whistles Infrasound – lower frequency we cannot perceive Whales and Manatees die in the hundreds every year because they get hit by boats. They are unable to detect the frequencies that are made by the boat engines.

Hearing Loss Conduction Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system (tympanic membrane to the inner ear) that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Surgery Sensorineural Hearing Loss: (nerve deafness) Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve, also called nerve deafness. Hearing aid to amplify sound Cochlear Implant Outline Conduction hearing – sound waves are not reaching the inner ear

Cochlear Implants Outline Cochlear implants are electronic devices that enable the brain to hear sounds. OBJECTIVE 16| Describe how cochlear implants function, and explain why Deaf culture advocates object to these devices. Where these implants are pertinent for hearing parents with deaf children, deaf culture advocate not using them especially on children deafened before learning to speak. Wolfgang Gstottner. (2004) American Scientist, Vol. 92, Number 5. (p. 437) Cochlear Implant

Cochlear implant

Stimulation Deafness: Damage caused by exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds By age 65, 40% of the hairs are gone

Gustation: Sense of Taste Chemo sense (chemicals) Papillae – taste receptor cells Four basic tastes Sweet – source of energy (carbs) Salty – sodium Sour – potentially toxic Bitter – potentially toxic and poisonous Recent discovery of fifth taste Umami – protein Japanese word meaning pleasant savory meaty (brothy) taste. People taste umami through receptors for glutamate, commonly found in its salt form as the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) Outline Receptors cells on the tongue that absorb chemicals from the food that we eat Taste is an adaptive trait to locate or identify certain foods Super tasters – people with a lot of different papillae

Oh Mommy Umami Outline

Olfaction (Sense of Smell) Outline Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of smell. Chemo sense Each nasal cavity – 5 million in each, so around 10 million receptors! Olfactory bulb connects at the amygdala , then the hippocampus (emotion and memory)

Smell and Memories Outline The brain region for smell (in red) is hard wired into brain regions involved with memory (limbic system – amygdala and the hippocampus). That is why strong memories are made through the sense of smell. Smell is the most provocative sense!

Age, Gender, and Smell Outline Ability to identify smell peaks during early adulthood, but steadily declines after that. Women are better at detecting odors than men. Decline around 50. think of Old ladies or old men with perfume! They put way too much! Because they don’t smell it!

Smell Lock and key theory **Anosmia** Pheromones Outline Lock and key theory Odors are related to shapes of chemicals and molecules **Anosmia** Complete loss of the ability to smell Pheromones Used by animals as a form of communication Provides information about genetic identify MHC (The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface molecules encoded by a large gene family which controls a major part of the immune system in all vertebrates.) Also provides information about sexual receptivity Pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal organ (VNO) Information from the VNO is sent to a special part of the olfactory bulb used for pheromonal communication

Vomeronasal Organ Outline

Touch Skin is the largest sense organ There are receptors for pressure, temperature, and pain Touch appears to be important not just as a source of information, but as a way to bond with others Touch Localization Touch localization depends on the relative lengths of the pathways from the stimulated parts to the brain. Outline Harlow’s Monkey Experiment? the ability to identify, without looking, the exact point on the body where a tactile stimulus is applied.

Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain Outline Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person feels no pain. OBJECTIVE 18| State the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial perspective on pain. Can you imagine a world without pain? AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold.

Revised Reducer-Augmenter Scale Outline Total scores can range from 21 to 126, with lower scores reflecting a tendency toward “reducing” and higher scores reflecting a tendency toward “augmenting.” People with low pain tolerance have a nervous system that amplifies, or augments, sensory stimulation. People with high pain tolerance have a nervous system that dampens, or reduces, the effects of sensory stimulation.

Types of Pain Visceral Pain – Pain orginating in internal organs Somatic Pain – Sharp, bright, fast; comes from skin, joints, muscles Phantom Limb – Missing limb feels as if it is still present Warning system – Pain carried by large nerve fibers to tell damage might be occurring Reminding System – Small nerve fibers reminds your body has been injured

Gate-Control Theory Outline Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate it through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect.

Gate Control Theory Outline Spinal cord contains small nerve fibers that conduct most pain signals It also contains larger fibers that conduct most other sensory signals When tissue is injured small nerve fibers activate and open the neural gate Large fiber activity shuts that gate Thus if you stimulate gate closing activity by massage electrical signal or acupuncture you can disrupt the pain message. The brain can close this gate too! Overwhelm the sensory input (with non-noxious stimuli) to BLOCK the pain (noxious stimuli)

Gate Control Theory Sensory and pain messages are afferent and they all travel through the same neural gate in the spinal cord If the gate is closed due to another sensory or pain message, the other message cannot get through. Example: what do you do when you’re itchy? You scratch the spot. The sensation of scratching blocks the itch. Lets just say you get your hand hurt. You rub it. Rubbing it makes it feel better? Why? The sensation of rubbing BLOCKS the pain.

Biopsychosocial Influences Outline

Vestibular Senses Vestibular senses provide information about equilibrium (balance) and body position Kinesthetic Sense: Gymnasts; dancers; divers Fluid moves in two vestibular sacs Vestibular organs are also responsible for motion sickness Sensory Conflict Theory -- Motion sickness may be caused by discrepancies between visual information and vestibular sensation Fluids in the canals are still spinning… but the head is not Outline Semicircular canals (balance) and otolith organs are responsible for motion sickness

Vestibular Sacs Outline Vestibular Sacs

Why do we feel dizzy? Why do we get Motion Sickness? Outline The inner parts are open spaces filled with fluid. The inside walls of the spaces are covered with tiny hairs. Each hair is connected to a nerve cell that carries signals to the brain. When the head moves, the fluid sloshes around and bends the hairs. As each hair bends, it makes its nerve cell send a signal, telling the brain about that movement. When we spin around, the fluid starts spinning, too. That gives us the sensation of spinning. When we stop, the fluid keeps moving (and bending tiny hairs and signaling the brain). That may make us feel that we are spinning backward. We call that "feeling dizzy."

Proprioception/Kinesthetic Sense Outline from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual" and perception, is the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.

Sufi Dervishes Mysticism (mysterious inner bonding with the divine) Meditation whirling ritual When I searched for god I only found myself. When I searched for myself I only found god.

Synesthesia Outline The extraordinary sensory condition in which stimulation of one modality leads to perceptual experience in another. Literally, the term means “to perceive together.” typographic synesthesia