YOUNGSTER’S VISION OF THE WORLD EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World Claude GRASLAND (Univ. Paris Diderot) Clarisse DIDELON (Univ. Le Havre)

FP7 Eurobroadmap partners… 1. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – France 2. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD) - France 3. Université Libre de Belgique (ULB) - Belgium 4. Centro de Estudos Geogràficos (CEG) - Portugal 5. Nordic Center for Spatial Development – Sweden 6. IRMCo - Malta 7. University Alexandru Ioan Cuza (UAIC) - Romania 8. Dokuz Eylül University (DEU) – Turkey 9. University of São Paulo (USP) - Brazil 10. CAUPA Cameroon 11. East China Normal University (ECNU) - China 12. University of Delhi - India

A 3 years project (2009-2011) Subjective (di)visions of the World : WP.2 and W.P.3 Political (di)visions of the World : WP.4 Functional (di)visions of the World : WP.5 Integrated visions : WP.6

A Worldwide survey 18 Countries 43 Cities 9341 Students Arts Business Politics Engineer Health Social Science

INTRODUCTION : STUDENTS EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World Mobility of students and scales of belonging

Questions of Part A

International mobility (1)

International mobility (2)

Communication

Scales of belonging

A. THE CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND ASYMETRY EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World The example of Tunisian Students

Question of part B

General framework for analysis DO NOT MENTION … WOULD LIKE TO LIVE IN … WOULD NOT LIKE TO LIVE IN … LIVE OR HAS LIVED IN ..

(1) Analysis of countries quoted DO NOT MENTION … WOULD LIKE TO LIVE IN … WOULD NOT LIKE TO LIVE IN … LIVE OR HAS LIVED IN ..

(2) Analysis of countries ignored DO NOT MENTION … WOULD LIKE TO LIVE IN … WOULD NOT LIKE TO LIVE IN … LIVE OR HAS LIVED IN ..

(3) Analysis of countries where students come from DO NOT MENTION … WOULD LIKE TO LIVE IN … WOULD NOT LIKE TO LIVE IN … LIVE OR HAS LIVED IN ..

CONCEPTS & MEASURE NB : 255 Students observed in Sfax A : 244 answered to question B Y : 59 would like to live in Germany N : 19 would not like to live in Germany KNOWLEDGE = (Y+N) / A (0 to 100%) => 32 % of students mentionned Germany ASYMETRY = (Y-N) / (Y+N) (-1 to +1) => +0.51 indicate a positive but balanced attraction

Knowledge: Example of Tunisia

Knowledge: Comments on Tunisia France is quoted in 1st rank by 79% of Tunisian, which is more than usual (51%) USA are quoted in 2nd rank by 53% of Tunisian, which is a bit less than usual (60%) Neighbours countries are over-mentionned ( Algeria, Lybia, Egypt, Italy …) Iraq and Iran are less mentionned than usual (which means less negatively …) Etc…

Knowledge: general results

Knowledge: General results

Asymetry: Example of Tunisia

Asymetry: Comments on Tunisia Some countries are more positive for Tunisian : ex. France (+0.95 instead of +0.67) Some countries are less positive for Tunisian : ex. UK (+0.31 instead of +0.77) Some countries are more negative for Tunisian : ex. Morocco (-0.36 instead of -0.05) Some countries are less negative for Tunisian : ex. Iran (-0.56 instead of -0.95) Some countries reverse from negative to positive : ex. Turkey (+0.83 instead of -0.37) or Syria (-0.95 to +0.57)

Asymmetry: General results

Asymmetry: General results

K & A : Example of Tunisia

K & A: Specificities of Tunisia

From measure to mental maps In which countries would you like to live in the near future ? The SIZE of circles should be proportional to the degree of KNOWLEDGE by students. The COLOUR of circles should be related to ASYMMETRY. With opposite colours for LIKE and DISLIKE.

WORLD MAPS (Tunisia)

ZOOM MAPS (Tunisia)

ANAMORPHOSIS From … The SIZE of countries should be proportional to the degree of KNOWLEDGE by students. The COLOUR of countries should be related to ASYMMETRY. With opposite colours for LIKE and DISLIKE. … to

B. COMPARISON OF MENTAL MAPS OF STUDENTS EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World Visualisation of states where students would like or not like to live

OLD EU MEMBER STATES

France

Belgium

Sweden

Portugal

NEW MEMBER STATES

Malta

Hungary

Romania

EASTERN NEIGHBORHOOD

Moldova

Turkey

Azerbaïdjan

SOUTHERN NEIGHBORHOOD

Egypt

Tunisia

Senegal

Cameroon

« BRIC » COUNTRIES

Brazil

Russia

India

China

Correlation between positive visions (LIKE) Cameroon & Senegal Egypt & Tunisia CHINA INDIA EUROPEAN UNION RUSSIA BRAZIL

Correlation between negative visions (NOT LIKE) Cameroon & Senegal CHINA BRAZIL Turkey WESTERN EUROPE Egypt & Tunisia EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA INDIA

C. ELABORATION OF A SYNTHETIC WORLD MAP EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World Can we summarize the visions of the students of the 18 countries of the survey ?

Type A1 : Global Pull

Type A1 : Global Pull

Type A2 : Balanced Pull

Type A2 : Balanced Pull

Type B: Mixed Push-Pull

Type B : Mixed Push-Pull

Type B : Mixed Push-Pull

Type C.1 : Balanced Push

Type C.1 : Balanced Push

Type C.2 : Global Push

Type C.2 : Global Push

Type C.2 : Global Push

Typology of world states

D. THE LAWS OF PERCEPTION EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World What can explain the choice of countries where students would LIKE to live ?

Qualitative assumptions Because they have heard of the country Because it is rich Because it is open to migration Because it is not far Because it has historical linkage Because it has a common language …

Quantitative formalisation

(1) Size effect Hypothesis: BIG countries are more attractive than SMALL countries. 83 2

(1) Size effect H1 is true for all countries with very high level of significance

(2) Economic effect Hypothesis: RICH countries are more attractive than POOR countries. 59 20

(2) Economic effect H2 is true for all countries with very high level of significance

(3) Density effect (migratory policy) Hypothesis: EMPTY countries (open to migration) are more attractive than FULL countries (closed to migration) 48 16

(3) Density effect H3 is true for all countries but significant only for 6 out of 18

(4) Distance effect Hypothesis: NEAR countries are more attractive than REMOTE countries 188 47

(4) Distance effect H5 is true for all countries but not very significant for France and not at all for China

(5) Neighbourhood effect Hypothesis: CONTIGUOUS countries are more attractive than NON CONTIGUOUS 15 2

(5) Neighbourhood effect H5 is true only for France and Azerbaïdjan. The reverse hypothesis is true for Tunisia, Egypt, Cameroon and Russia.

(6) Language effect Hypothesis: countries with COMMON LANGUAGE are more attractive than others 11 3

(6) Language effect H6 is true and significant for the majority of countries. But it is sometime not significant and is reversed in the case of Azerbaijan

(7) Historical effect Hypothesis: countries with former COLONIAL RELATIONS are more attractive than others 59 188

(7) Historical effect H6 is true for some countries (India, Malta, Tunisia …) but reversed for others (Azerbaïdjan, Cameroon, Senegal).

Huntington, Ravenstein & Diderot E. CONCLUSION EUROBROADMAP PROJECT - FP7-SHS Visions of Europe in the World Huntington, Ravenstein & Diderot

Huntington’s interpretation of results could be something like … Egyptian or Tunisian students would not like to live in Israël in a near future Muslims don’t like Jews Indian students would not like to live in Pakistan or Bangladesh  Hindi don’t like Muslims European students would not like to live in subsaharian Africa  Whites don’t like Blacks

Huntington’s interpretation of results could be something like that … ALL OF THIS NICELY SUPPORT THE THEORY OF THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS, ISN’T IT? BUT …

Ravenstein’s interpretation of results could be different Egyptian would not like to live in Israël in a near future  It is very common to have a negative picture of at less one neighbor country. Indian students would not like to live in Pakistan or Bangladesh  the memory of war and conflict is a barrier that decrease through time European students would not like to live in subsaharian Africa  Students are more attracted by richer countries , what else ?

Ravenstein’s interpretation of results could be something like that … MENTAL MAPS ARE GOVERNED BY SOME GENERAL LAWS BASED ON SIZE AND DISTANCE. DON’T FOCUS ON RESIDUALS !

The last word … Si la raison gouvernait les hommes, si elle avait sur les chefs des nations l'empire qui lui est dû, on ne les verrait point se livrer inconsidérément aux fureurs de la guerre. D. Diderot

Thank you for your attention ! http://www.eurobroadmap.eu The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 225260.