Unit 3, Lesson 2 Vocabulary Discussing obligations and responsibilities Presenting and supporting opinions

Social awareness El ciudadano (f) La ciudadana The citizen

Social awareness El compromiso The commitment

Social awareness La conciencia social Social awareness

To take charge of; To make oneself responsible for Social awareness Encargarse de To take charge of; To make oneself responsible for

Social awareness La irresponsabilidad Irresponsibility

Social awareness Penalizar To penalize

Social awareness La política Politics

Social awareness El principio The principle

Social awareness Respetar To respect

Social awareness Satisfacer To satisfy

Social awareness La sociedad Society

Social awareness La unidad Unity

Inventions Comercializar To market

Inventions Invertir To invest Present Tense: e ie in every form except nosotros Preterite Tense: e i in él/ella/usted & ellos/ellas/ustedes

Inventions Novedoso (a) Novel; Original

Inventions La patente Patent

Inventions El producto Product

Mistakes and Persistence Advertir To warn Present Tense: e ie in every form except nosotros

Mistakes and Persistence Cometer To make (a mistake)

Mistakes and Persistence Emprender To undertake

Mistakes and Persistence El error Mistake; error

Mistakes and Persistence Insistir To insist

Mistakes and Persistence Luchar To struggle; to fight

Mistakes and Persistence Persistir To persist

Mistakes and Persistence Progresar To progress

Mistakes and Persistence Prosperar To prosper

Mistakes and Persistence Seguir adelante To continue on; to carry on

Mistakes and Persistence Solucionar To solve

Mistakes and Persistence Superar To overcome

Mistakes and Persistence La advertencia Warning

Mistakes and Persistence El fracaso Failure

Mistakes and Persistence La mejora Improvement

Mistakes and Persistence El obstáculo Obstacle

Mistakes and Persistence El sufrimiento Suffering

Presenting and Supporting an Opinion Criticar To criticize

Presenting and Supporting an Opinion Es imprescindible que… It’s imperative that…

Presenting and Supporting an Opinion Es raro que… It’s strange that…

Presenting and Supporting an Opinion Evaluar To evaluate

Presenting and Supporting an Opinion Por un lado… Por el otro lado… On one hand… On the other hand…

The Present Subjunctive Used when showing uncertainty that something will happen

The Subjunctive & Impersonal Expressions Es importante que… = It’s important that… Es bueno que… = It’s good that… Es malo que… = It’s bad that… Es necesario que… = It’s necessary that… Es mejor que… = It’s better that… Es raro que… = It’s strange that… Es imprescindible que… = It’s imperative that… Es lamentable que… = It’s unfortunate that… Es buena idea que… = It’s a good idea that… Es una lástima que… = It’s a shame that… Es increíble que… = It’s incredible that… Es triste que… = It’s sad that… Es imposible que… = It’s impossible that...

The Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions Fact: (present tense) Saco una buena nota en el examen. I get/am getting a good grade on the test. Uncertainty: (subjunctive) Es importante que saque una buena nota en el examen. It’s important that I get a good grade on the test. *Subjunctive yo form of sacar Subjunctive tense is used here because, although, “it’s important to get the good grade” it MAY or MAY NOT happen. Thus, demonstrating uncertainty. *When translating subjunctive into English, we use present tense*

Forming the Subjunctive We form the present subjunctive the same way we form usted commands.

Forming the Subjunctive Yo form Drop the –o Add correct opposite endings -ar  e -er/-ir  a

Forming the Subjunctive For -ar verbs: e emos es en

HABLAR = to talk hable hables hablemos hablen

Forming the Subjunctive For –er/-ir verbs: a amos as an

COMER = to eat coma comas comamos coman

VIVIR = to live viva vivas vivamos vivan

Complete the following sentences with the correct subjunctive form of each verb. Translate sentences into English. Es importante que ustedes ____________ las bolsas de plástico. (reciclar) Es malo que la gente ____________ basura. (tirar) Es raro que tú ____________ errores. (cometer) Es imprescindible que nosotros ____________. (persistir) Es necesario que yo ____________ este problema. (solucionar)

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -go Verbs As in usted commands, verbs that are irregular in the present-tense yo form (-go) also have a “g” in the present subjunctive.

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -go Verbs Decir  dig- Hacer  hag- Poner  pong- Salir  salg- Tener  teng- Venir  veng- Traer  traig- Conseguir  consig- Seguir  sig- YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

HACER = to do/make haga hagas hagamos hagan

TENER = to have tenga tengas tengamos tengan

Subjunctive & -ar/-er Stem-change Verbs Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs in the present tense also change in the subjunctive. EVERY FORM EXCEPT NOSOTROS!!!

PENSAR (e  ie) = to think piense pienses *pensemos piensen

QUERER (e  ie) = to want *queramos quieran quiera quieras

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs -car, -gar, -zar verbs -car -qu -gar  -gu -zar  -c YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

CRITICAR (qu) = to criticize critique critiques critiquemos critiquen

INVESTIGAR (gu) = to investigate llegue llegues lleguemos lleguen

**JUGAR (gu) = to play** *uue in every form EXCEPT nts.* juegue juegues *juguemos jueguen

REUTILIZAR (c) = to reuse reutilice reutilices reutilicemos reutilicen

**EMPEZAR (c) = to start** *eie in every form EXCEPT nts.* empiece empieces *empecemos empiecen

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: OTHER SPELL CHANGES Proteger  protej- Extinguir  exting- YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

PROTEGER (j) = to protect proteja protejas protejamos protejan

EXTINGUIRSE (g) = to become extinct Me extinga Te extingas Se extinga Nos extingamos Se extingan

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: Dar – to give Estar – to be Ir – to go Saber – to know Ser – to be

DAR = to give dé des demos den

ESTAR – to be esté estés estemos estén

IR = to go vaya vayas vayamos vayan

SABER = to know sepa sepas sepamos sepan

SER = to be sea seas seamos sean

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, ei stem-change verbs Verbs ending in –ir with an ei stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, INCLUDING nosotros

PEDIR (e  i) – to ask for/order (e  i *including nts.*) pida pidas *pidamos pidan

SERVIR (e  i) – to serve (e  i *including nts.*) sirva sirvas *sirvamos sirvan

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, eie stem-change verbs Verbs ending in –ir with an eie stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, BUT ei in the nosotros form

PREFERIR (e  ie / *nts: e  i) to prefer prefiera prefieras * prefiramos prefieran

Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, oue stem-change verbs Verbs ending in –ir with an oue stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, BUT ou in the nosotros form

DORMIR (o  ue / *nts: o  u) to sleep * durmamos duerman duerma duermas