HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF ACADEMIC SCIENCE: ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES J. Lodos Chemistry Faculty, Havana University Cuban Sugar Corporation AZCUBA

Characteristics of today´s Chemistry? FIRST QUESTION: Characteristics of today´s Chemistry?

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY % 100 90 80 Two or more authors 70 60 50 Several Sciences 40 30 Application 20 Several Chemistries 10 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Several Chemistries 10 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY % 100 90 80 70 60 50 Several Sciences 40 30 20 10 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Application 20 10 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY % 100 90 80 Two or more authors 70 60 50 Several Sciences 40 30 Application 20 Several Chemistries 10 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY 1901-1940 1941-1980 1981- One author 84% 62% 31% One Chemistry 85% 55% 30% One Science 80% 70% 45% Degree of application 14% Synthesis Polymers 60% 1981-: Instruments, materials & biosciences Since 1990 all Nobel Prizes in Economy were applied, 70% went to several authors and 80% incorporated other Sciences

NOBEL PRIZES IN CHEMISTRY Eminent Horizontal & Vertical Team: Several Chemistries & Sciences & Speed-up way from lab to end-user) Horizontal Team: Several Chemistries & Sciences Chemists 1901 20 40 60 80 00 20

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH IN USA University Science is the main contributor to progress because it generates education, knowledge and ideas but also wealth for the Society and for the Universities. There is a tendency between the increase of granted patents and the increase of the staff percentage of part—time professors arriving from or going to industry.

BUSINESS IN US UNIVERSITIES Source: NSF and AUTM Patents Start-up companies 4000 800 3000 600 2000 400 1000 200 Year 1985 1995 2005 2015

LICENSES INCOME IN US UNIVERSITIES 483 licenses containing equity Million US 3000 Total Royalties 2000 483 licenses containing equity 1000 Year 1985 1995 2005 2015

CUBAN WAY One of the Cuban alternatives to horizontal and vertical integration is the “Close Loop Organizations” as CIM and CIGB. In my opinion, application must be regarded as an academic merit. This is reflected in the increasing number of relevant scientists introducing their own results as members of boards of associated enterprises.

Horizontal and Vertical integrated Teams CHARACTERISTIC OF TODAY´S CHEMISTRY: It is carried out thru Horizontal and Vertical integrated Teams

Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? SECOND QUESTION: Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? Are we preparing our students for horizontal and vertical integration? Are professors prepared for that?

Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? SECOND QUESTION: Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? Are we preparing our students for horizontal and vertical integration? Are professors prepared for that?

Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? SECOND QUESTION: Are our chemists prepared for horizontal and vertical integration? Are we preparing our students for horizontal and vertical integration? Are we prepared for that?

UNIVERSITY AND TODAY’S CHEMISTRY Once characteristics are identified, the goal of Chemistry Faculties should be to prepare chemists that could assimilate them. But in many Latin American universities, Chemistry is taught in a “precedent” way: complexity is added thru the years. Individual intra-Faculty work prevails over collective, extra-Faculty and vertical work.

ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATION Integration implies to strengthen collective work and it adds individual capabilities. Vertical integration is needed to speed-up introduction. Team composition must include specialists from different Sciences. We must learn to find our place in it. Team leader is not anymore a coordinator of scientific activities only. Additionally, he has to be a manager for the introduction of results, eventually a more important task.

FAILURES OF INTEGRATION Collective work demands a higher level of coordination, individual tasks and friendly working environment. This is not always achieved. Chemist did not learn to be part of teams and experiences difficulties in it. Many university structures do not facilitate integration. Opportunities are lost to carry out market and feasibility studies (Faculty of Economy), or scaling-up a process (Engineering Faculty), or designing a brand (Public Relation Faculty). Chemists are not prepared to assimilate or lead them.

UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY Faculties expect that industry will accept their results no matter its “finishing”. University expects the industry to provide horizontal integration as market and feasibility studies and field tests, and to assimilate 100% vertical integration as pilot production, scale up and commercial tests. But, frequently industry feels the product has a low degree of integration and its development is costly and risky. It rejects it.

CONCLUSIONS University has to promote the interrelation with other Sciences. University has to emphasize successful experiences of vertical integration. University has to attract successful chemists as part-time lecturers. University has to promote professors going to industry part-time. Staff´s scientific research has to be linked in some way to application. Introduction must be considered as a significant academic merit in evaluation.