Copyright and Plagiarism and Citations, Oh My Copyright and Plagiarism and Citations, Oh My! SCHOOL OF PHARMACY BOOT CAMP Terri Wilson Unit Assistant Director & Pharmacy Liaison Librarian Harrington Library of the Health Sciences To discuss these three entertwined topics, we will have to go back to the beginning.

WHAT IS COPYRIGHT? Copyright is federal law. It is Title 17 of the United States Code. It is comprised of 13 chapters. Chapter 1, Section 107 is the part that is usually of most interest to those of us in academe: Fair Use.

United States Code, Title 17 - Copyrights FAIR USE United States Code, Title 17 - Copyrights §107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Allows you to use parts of a work without the copyright owner's permission Does NOT mean that you don't have to cite the work Fair Use only means that you do not have to ask permission to use a part of a work. You still have to cite it properly. Copyright infringement and plagiarism are two different things. More on plagiarism later.

17 USC §107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Four criteria for determining fair use: The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes The nature of the copyrighted work The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work There are only four criteria that you must consider in order to decide if your use of copyrighted material is Fair Use. But you must consider all four in each instance of use. Let's look at each of these criteria more closely.

FAIR USE What does that mean? The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes Criticism Commentary Scholarly Commercial Public presentation In-house presentation It is important to remember that just because your use is for a nonprofit purpose does not automatically make it Fair Use. Just as something of a commercial nature does not automatically negate Fair Use. All four criteria must be considered.

What does that mean? The nature of the copyrighted work FAIR USE Facts Fiction Published Unpublished Data Out-of-print Public domain Anything published in the U.S. before January 1, 1923 All U.S. government materials are public domain FDA-approved labels are considered government documents and therefore are in the public domain. Public domain does not mean publicly available. An article published on a web page may be easily accessed by the public, but it is still protected by copyright law.

FAIR USE What does that mean? The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole A section A chapter An image 5% of total work 50% of total work Entire work There is no specific limit to the amount of a copyrighted work that you can use in Fair Use. Ten pages, fifty pages. It’s all in relation to the work as a whole. I cannot copy the entire movie of “The Secret Life of Pets” and upload it to YouTube. But I might be able to put a cartoon into my PowerPoint slideshow. Yes, I would be using the whole work – the whole cartoon image -- but I would also consider the other three criteria.

FAIR USE What does that mean? The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work Has the effect of avoiding paying for royalties Preserves a rare copy Stored on public webspace Access behind password-protection If you work for a university and the university’s library subscribes to a journal, you are still not allowed to email a copy of an article from that journal to everyone in your department. It has the effect of denying that publisher all of those individual subscriptions, especially if you do it on a regular basis. It is always best to email the citation to the article and allow each individual to download their own copy of the full-text.

NOW WHAT? So you have determined that your use of a small part of a copyrighted work is Fair Use. Now what? Now you must make sure to cite the work correctly.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CITE CORRECTLY? Three Good Reasons: Give authors/creators the credit that they deserve. Help others find the references that you used in your research. AVOID EVEN THE HINT OF PLAGIARISM!

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? Plagiarize to take (ideas, writings, etc.) from (another) and pass them off as one's own Neufeldt V, ed. Webster's New World Dictionary of American English. Third College Edition. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.; 1988:1031. Plagiarizing other people’s work can damage your professional credibility, it can put your job in jeopardy, and as a student, it can result in your dismissal from the pharmacy program. To avoid plagiarism, always cite correctly.

Three Types of Citations: CITING CORRECTLY Three Types of Citations: Direct quotes Paraphrasing Unique ideas Direct quotes - must use quotation marks AND cite in your references Paraphrasing - must cite in your references Unique ideas - still must cite in your references

CITING CORRECTLY Things to Remember: Even if the information you find is “free,” you must cite it. Public domain Stock photos/footage Creative Commons (Wikipedia) IF YOU DID NOT THINK OF IT YOURSELF, YOU MUST CITE IT!!

EVERYTHING ON THE INTERNET IS NOT FREE! CITING CORRECTLY EVERYTHING ON THE INTERNET IS NOT FREE! On a website, do your best to find the author of an article or the organization/company behind the website. Do not assume an image on a website is there legally, especially if there is no creator attribution on the image. There is no such thing as “Google Images” as a copyright owner or publisher. Google Images is a search engine. You do not cite to Google Images. You click on the link to the website where the image actually is and you find the owner/creator of that image.

Parts of a book citation: CITATION FORMAT – BOOK Parts of a book citation: Author(s) Book title Edition Publisher Publication year

CITATION FORMAT – JOURNAL ARTICLE Parts of a journal article citation: Article title Author(s) Page number Publication year Issue number Journal title Volume number Publication month

On the right-hand side, under Library Services, click on Bibliographic Tools.

On this page you will see three very important tools On this page you will see three very important tools. First, are the links to our subscriptions to the reference management software programs, EndNote and RefWorks. Both of these programs make saving citations, creating bibliographies, and writing research papers much easier and far less time-consuming. RefWorks is entirely online. EndNote is available as an installable software program and as an online service. There is also a link to the electronic version of the AMA Manual of Style, which is the style guide supported by the School of Pharmacy.

If you have any questions about copyright or citations, please don’t hesitate to call (806-414-9957) or email me (terri.wilson@ttuhsc.edu).