SSR2014: Basic concepts and issues in development

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
1 Regional Review and Appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) Ms. Noeleen Heyzer Under Secretary-General and Executive Secretary.
Advertisements

Human Population Describe factors that affect population growth
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 Population Growth and Economic Development: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies.
Human Population. SOME ALARMING STATISTICS Late 1600’s – ½ billion people 1830 – 1 billion 1930 – 2 billion Since 1975 – world’s population has added.
Population Growth and Economic Development
1 Essentials of Migration Management for Policy Makers and Practitioners Section 2.2 Migration and Demography.
The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 11 G. Tyler Miller’s.
Population Dynamics and Growth. Exponential Growth Time (t) Population size (N) -ideal habitat -maximum reproduction -unlimited resources Increase often.
The fiscal costs of ageing in the euro area: will the young have to pay the bill? Ad van Riet Head of the Fiscal Policies Division European Central Bank.
A demographic perspective to understand fertility barriers of Hong Kong Paul Yip Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong.
What factors affect population change?. The Input-Output Model of Population Change Births Immigration Deaths Emigration Inputs Outputs Natural Change.
Population Explosion and Control
Demographic Diversity and its Implications for the Future John Cleland London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Demographic Issues in Developed Countries Chapter 7.
GLOBAL POPULATION Population Counter Population Counter.
Population Issues. Table of Contents 1. Overpopulation 2. Population Control 3. Population Futures.
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 6 The Human Population and Its Impact.
7.9 Factors That Influence Human Population Growth Humans, unlike other kinds of organisms, can make conscious decisions based on the likely course of.
Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik. DEMOGRAPHY It is the scientific study of human population concerning their size, distribution, structure and changes within.
The Human Population and Its Impact Chapter 6. Core Case Study: Are There Too Many of Us? (1)  Estimated 2.4 billion more people by 2050  Are there.
Population change 1 What is demographic change?. 1.1 What is demographic change? The net change in the population store caused by the inputs of births.
Human Population Growth Miller Chapter Factors affecting population size Populations grow or decline through the interplay of three factors Births.
Human Population Demography. Trends in Population Demography is the study of human populations. This study is an important tool for government and business.
UNIT 2: POPULATION POPULATION PYRAMIDS (PART V) DEPENDENCY RATIO The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of.
Lesson 2: Demographic Terms and Population Control Policies.
The American people GOVT 2305, Module 1
The management of natural increase
SSR2014: Basic concepts and issues in development
Order of events Friday 21st April.
Population Geography The story so far….
Demography: Population Studies
“Geography of Population”
ESS Topic 3 Population Management
SSR2014: Basic concepts and issues in development
Birth Dearth.
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population
1 The Dynamics of Population
Ap Day 18.
The Human Population and Its Impact
Chapter 7 The Human Population.
Let’s Review: What are the four factors that affect populations?
The Human Population and Its Impact
Unit 2: Population (Part V) Population pyramids
Population Growth and Economic Development: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies Lecture 5 1.
The Human Population.
7.9 Factors That Influence Human Population Growth
Demography AGE and SEX STRUCTURE.
Chapter 6 Population Growth and Economic Development: Causes, Consequences, and Controversies.
Aim: To evaluate an example of each anti- and pro-natalist policies
Dr Paul T Francis, MD Prof. Com Med College of Medicine, Zawia
Restrictive vs. expansive population policies (also called ante-natalist and pro-natalist policies) Restrictive – aim to lower birth rate to lower dependency.
The Human Population Chapter 7.
Human Population Demography - the statistical study of populations
Visualizing Human Geography: At Home in a Diverse World
Section 1 – Studying Human Populations
Part 3.
Video recap As he studied human population, he looked at several factors that control the population change. What are those factors? What do you think.
National Population Dynamics and Demographic Transition
The Human Population.
Good morning! Think of any questions you have regarding the population labs Don’t wait until Thursday night to ask me questions 
ECO 102 Development Economics
Population: Canada and the World
Where Has the World’s Population Increased?
Human Population Chapter 8.
Chapter 12: Human Population
Demography.
POPULATION & DEMOGRAPHIC
Demographic Revolution
Human Population When is enough enough?.
Population and Migration Patterns and processes
Presentation transcript:

SSR2014: Basic concepts and issues in development LECTURE 7b: Population Policy

Objectives: To discuss population control measures, including population policies and redistribution of population To discuss the future issues/challenges: aging population, effects of population on the environment & migration.

Population Policies Intended to achieve a specified goal or a set of objectives by manipulating one or more variables (e.g. fertility, mortality or migration) Govt: only agency at the national level that can realistically attempt to involve every citizen in implementing policies through its command of essential resources (i.e. judiciary & media) Main instrument in bringing about desired result: fertility control

Why are population policy necessary? What is good and desirable at individual level may not be in the common interests of the community/ nation… E.g. children, families & communities Concept of carrying capacity Policy needed to prevent/ minimize social cost of large families

Some governments have taken a strong interventionist line to control population growth. E.g. Australia, Japan, Singapore While for others, pro- natalist policies have been adopted to increase population. E.g. Saudi Arabia & Israel – strongly pro-natalist – to strengthen their political power

Examples of population policies

CHINA Severe policy to limit family size (ONE child per family). Reward-based: birth of 2nd and 3rd child is strongly discouraged through a system of progressively harsh disincentives. E.g. most (if not all) of the privileges given during the birth of first child will be revoked; 3rd child is denied free education.

China’s one child policy China: Population Size 1950 2005 2015 2025 2050 554 million 1.32 billion 1.39 billion 1.44 billion China: Average annual rate of population change (%) 1995-2000 2000-2005 2010-2015 2020-2025 2045-2050 0.88 0.65 0.56 0.24 -0.35 Source: UN (2007; in Potter, 2008: 190)

INDIA Assumes that families are free to make decisions with regard to family size. Voluntary based: attempts to bring about voluntary reduction in the number of children per family through education & improved access to family planning

IMMIGRATION Also have substantially demographic & social impacts. Migration affects population in terms of structure, geographic distribution, growth rate etc. Impact on economy, culture and lifestyles. Designed to restrict the flow of immigrants into a country.

Singaporean Immigration policy Liberal towards highly specialized workforce but very restrictive towards general and/or unskilled labour. Offering different types of incentives & levies Effects on development? Knowledge and skill transfer

Population growth in LDCs

LDCs: Fertility Issues Fertility Decline in Asia: Between 1980-1995: saw a worldwide pattern of fertility reduction, and it accelerated in TWCs: E.g. TFRs fall by an average of 0.7 children per women, from 3.7 to 3.0. Southeast Asia: TFRs reduced by 22% over the decade, primarily as a result of economic development. Effective family planning method, backed by strong government support (and possibly coercion) have a major role in Asia (e.g. Vietnam and Myanmar)

LDCs: Fertility Issues Delayed Transition in Africa: Africa continues its birth explosion that begins during the last years of the colonial period. Late 1990s: reported fertility declines (e.g. Ghana, TFR=5.5; Senegal, TFR=6.0 and Zambia, TFR=6.1). 3 countries at the forefront of fertility transition: Botswana, Kenya & Zimbabwe – these countries are also pioneers in government supported family planning programs. E.g. Kenya’s TFR in 1997 was 8.0 and it was reduced to 5.4 in 1993.

Ageing population

CONCERNS: Implications of ageing population on social and economic performance. Impacts on the size of workforce and increasing cost of providing health care and insurance to older groups.

Aging Population In the next few decades, ratio of people over 64 to those of working age will increase.

Implications of Ageing Population: In the form of public pensions and health insurance: to ensure that the elderly have a living standard comparable to the working age population. This is costly! More generous the pensions, more costly it is to the nation. How to reduce/minimize: Britain’s way of offering financial incentives for workers to opt out of public pension scheme. Raising retirement age.

Future Challenges Aging population Negative growth rate Changes in social trends – singles vs married, late marriage

Consequences Effects on economy – working population Effects on environment – carrying capacity Effects on social/culture - lifestyles

Reference: Weinstein, J & Pillai, V.K (2001) Demography: The Science of Population Bosworth, B & Burtless, G (1997) Brudget Crunch: Population Aging in Rich Countries Schultz, T. P (1994) Human Capital, Family Planning & Their Effects on Population Growth Demographic Transition in Asia & its consequences