A “METHODICAL” HISTORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING

Contents Behaviorism & Cognitivism Overview Audiolingual Method Community Language Learning Total Physical Response

stimulus- response-reinforcement Learning = Habit formation Behaviorism Learning Process Tabula rasa (백지상태) stimulus- response-reinforcement Learning = Habit formation

Behaviorism The Audio-lingual Method ALM relied on the use of memorization of set dialogues and extensive repetition and drilling. -행동주의에 입각해, 습관형성과 자극-반응-강화를 통한반복적인 기계적 학습을 통해서 언어습득이 이루어 진다고 여김.

Cognitivism Discover psychological principles of organization and functioning. Meaning, understanding and knowing are significant for learning. Meaningful learning ! !

Cognitivism Cognitive Code Learning Approach that emphasized a conscious awareness of rules and their application to second language learning.

Cognitivism A : What are you doing? Jane waits for you. B : Oh! I forgot. I have to give her Ann’s textbooks and notes. A : Hurry. She hates waiting. B : It is better to buy some candies for her.

Prior background knowledge Cognitivism Advanced organizer (선행 조작자) Strong retention New information Prior background knowledge

first language, image, sound Cognitivism Linkword Method ( 연상단어 기억법) Ex ) Man is mortal / I bang a door. New word Remember first language, image, sound .

Theoretically well-informed beliefs of the nature of language. A generalized set of classroom specifications for accomplishing linguistic objectives. Any of wide variety of exercise, activities. Approach Method technique

1. The Grammar-Translation Method 5. Cognitive Code Learning 2. The Series Method 3. The Direct Method 4. The Audiolingual Method 5. Cognitive Code Learning 6. Designer Methods of 1970s 7. Functional Syllabuses

1. Grammar-Translation Method Classes are taught in the mother tongue. Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words. Long, elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. Instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words. Little attention is given to pronunciation

2. Series Method A method that taught learners directly (without translation) and conceptually (without grammatical rules and explanations) a series of connected sentences that are easy to perceive.

3. Direct Method Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. Grammar was taught inductively. Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized

5. Cognitive Code Learning The method was influenced by Chomsky. An amalgamation of Audiolingual and Grammar-Ttranslation techniques. (more deductive rule learning)

Total Physical Response Community Language Learning 6. “Designer” Methods of the Spirited 1970s Suggestopedia The Silent Way Total Physical Response The Natural Approach

Suggestopedia Developed by Georgi Lozanov, Suggestopedia sees the physical surrounding and atmosphere of the classroom as of vital importance. Music (Baroque music) is central to this method. Relaxed states of mind lead to superlearning.

The Silent Way It capitalized on discovery-learning procedures. Teacher says as little as possible rather than entering into conversation with the students. Learner should develop independence, autonomy, and responsibility.

Natural Approach <Three stages of the Natural Approach> Preproduction : development of listening comprehension skills. 2. Early production : Students struggles with the language, and the teacher focuses on meaning, not on form. 3. Speech Emergence : extending production into longer stretches of discourse involving lots of activities

7. Functional Syllabus Reacting to methods that attended too strongly to grammatical form, the NFS focuses strongly on the pragmatic purposes to which we put language.

The Audiolingual Method (ALM) Approach & Design Language is a system of rule-governed structures. Habit formation, oral expressions Control of structures, native-speaker mastery Teacher: directing and controlling the language behavior being a good model for imitation Students: imitators of model speakers respond accurately and rapidly

The Audiolingual Method (ALM) Procedure New materials in dialogue form Mimicry, memorization, overlearning Sequenced structures, repetitive drills, pattern practice Little or no grammatical explanation Limited vocabulary in context Tapes, language labs, visual aids Importance of pronunciation Little use of mother tongue by teachers Immediate reinforcement, students’ error-free utterances (manipulating language, disregarding content)

The Audiolingual Method (ALM) Demonstration ☞ Listen to the conversation and repeat. W: Excuse me. How can I get to the post office? M: Go one block and turn right. W: Go one block and turn right? M: Yes. It’s on your left next to the bank. W: OK. Thank you very much.

The Audiolingual Method (ALM) Disadvantages Advantages Fail to teach long-term communicative proficiency Difficult to apply to real situations Students becoming less interested in language learning Error is a key part of the acquisition process. Accurate pronunciation Improving daily conversation skills in limited situations Beneficial to young, beginner level students

Humanistic psychology Charles Curran Counseling-Learning Rogers Humanistic psychology Charles Curran Counseling-Learning Community Language learning

Roger s : Humanistic psychology teacher = facilitator Community Language Learning Roger s : Humanistic psychology teacher = facilitator have trust , acceptance of the students communicate openly with the student Charles Curran : Counseling-Learning classroom = not a “class” but a “group” interact in an interpersonal relationship non- defense learning teacher = counselor

Community Language Learning STUDENT sitting in a circle have interpersonal relationship allowed to speak mother tongue COUNSELOR (teacher) outside of the circle translate what the student want to say to second language

Community Language Learning STUDENT 나 어때 보여? 오늘 데이트가 있거든 repeat How do I look? I have a date today COUNSELOR

Community Language Learning Advantages Disadvantages weaken affective filter student determine the topic reinforce intrinsic motivation teacher could be too nondirective reliance on only inductive strategy can be mistranslated student-centered development of student autonomy

Total Physical Response (TPR) Background Principles of child language acquisition (listening before speaking) Trace theory Series Method by Gouin

Total Physical Response (TPR) Characteristics Lots of listening before speaking Listening accompanied by physical responses (stimulating right-brain function) Reduction of stress with body movements and other fun elements Teaching vocabulary which is related to or possible in the classroom situation

Total Physical Response (TPR) Advantages Effective for the beginning level Ss Checking Ss’ comprehension by checking their physical responses Easy to Draw attention to the lesson (especially from active Ss)

Total Physical Response (TPR) Limitations Appropriate for beginner & active learners Difficult to develop four skills together (speaking, listening, reading, and writing) Difficult to teach abstract concepts could be isolated from real-world needs ▶TPR should be included together with other methods