Appendix A: Basic Grammar and Punctuation Reference ENG 113: Composition I

The Parts of Speech Noun (Person, Place, Thing, Idea/Concept) Verb (expresses action or state of being) Pronoun (takes the place of a noun in a sentence) Adjective (modifies or describes a noun or pronoun) Adverb (modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, etc.)

The Parts of Speech Preposition (demonstrates the relationships, or positions, between and among other words in a sentence) Conjunction (joins together words, phrases, and clauses within a sentence) Interjection (has no clear grammatical relationship to other words in a sentence; usually demonstrates an emotion content within the sentence; usually set off with an exclamation point or comma)

Parts of a Sentence Subject – a noun or pronoun Predicate = complete verb + objects, complements, modifiers Object Direct object Indirect object Complement Subject complement Object complement

Parts of a Sentence Clauses Phrases Independent clauses Prepositional phrase Verbal phrase Participial phrase Gerund phrase Infinitive phrase

Sentence Structure Simple sentences – single independent clause Complete subject + complete verb + complete idea Compound sentences – two or more independent clauses combined with coordinating clause conjunctions Complex sentences - one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses combined with subordinating clause conjunctions Compound-complex sentences – two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses containing both coordinating and subordinating clause conjunctions

Sentence Purpose Declarative Sentences Imperative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences

Punctuation Terminal Punctuation Marks Internal punctuation marks Period, question mark, exclamation point Internal punctuation marks Semicolon, colon, comma, dashes, parentheses Nonstructural punctuation marks Apostrophe, quotation mark