Chapter 54 ~ Community Ecology OBJECTIVES: - Understand how species interact in a given environment

Today Grab a clicker from the cabinet – find your name and number on the list Pick up a ch. 54 reading guide from the front – 4 pages and staple

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Which is an example of a biotic factor? Water Oxygen Fungi Rock

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A frog eats an insect that ate the leaves of a tree A frog eats an insect that ate the leaves of a tree. What is the frog considered? Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 4.47 brian yu 6.27 michael molano 6.78 taylor still 7.2 jenna million 7.64 paige prevelige

What organisms can break down dead material and recycle it into the ecosystem? Tree Bacteria Lion Fish

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 1.7 sarah torres 2.14 brian yu taylor still kendall simons 2.23 paige prevelige

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? 12% 8% 5% 10%

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 1.08 paige prevelige 1.47 brian yu 1.62 michael molano 1.78 Participant 448E8 2.05 ashton looney

The other 90% of the energy (used up in respiration and reproduction among other things) will eventually be turned into what? Heat Light Carbon Oxygen

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 1.36 madeline ezell 1.64 aubrey michel 2.36 brian yu 2.41 sarah torres 2.72 michael molano

What are herbivores also considered? Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 1.31 taylor still 1.47 brian yu 1.55 Participant 448E8 1.67 paige prevelige 2.06 hunter connor

What is it called when water turns from a gas to a liquid? Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Seepage

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 2.75 brian yu 3.05 Participant 448E8 5.41 elizabeth richmond 7.47 hunter connor 7.75 sarah torres

What process turns atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form? Denitrification Nitrogen fixation Assimilation Ammonification

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What organisms drive the nitrogen cycle? Plants Animals Bacteria Protists

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What process takes CO2 out of the atmosphere? Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Decomposition Burning Fossil Fuels

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What organisms can be on the 2nd or 3rd trophic level? Carnivores Herbivores Producers Omnivores

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What type of lake is nutrient rich and oxygen poor? Oligotrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Protrophic

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A collection of different species is called… Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

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A collection of biotic and abiotic factors in one area is called… Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

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Which biome has the most rainfall and sunlight? Rainforest Temperate grassland Deciduous forest Tundra

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Which biome is characterized by trees that lose their leaves and consistent rainfall throughout the year? Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Chapparal Rainforest

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Which biome has occasional fires, grazing mammals, and is warm yar round? Rainforest Coniferous forest Temperate forest Savanna

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I. Community structure Community~ an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction Differ in their Richness (number of species) & abundance Species diversity Hypotheses – what brings communities together?: •Individualistic~ chance assemblage with similar abiotic requirements •Interactive~ assemblage locked into association by mandatory biotic interactions

Intraspecific Competition Competition between organisms of the same species Vying for the same resources Population growth slows as population growth increases

II. Interspecific Interactions - occur between populations of different species within a community

Competition: a closer look Competitive Exclusion Principle - 2 species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place (niche) √Gause experiment

The Niche Ecological niche~ the sum total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; its “ecological role” (Ex. Tree lizards – temperature range, size of branch, time of day active, size and type of food) √ fundamental~ the set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions √ realized~ the resources a population actually uses Thus, 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical Ex: Barnacle sp. on the coast of Scotland

Competition evidence/results Resource partitioning (ghost of competition past) ~ sympatric species consume slightly different foods or use other resources in slightly different ways Ex: Anolis lizard sp. perching sites in the Dominican Republic

Competition evidence/results Character displacement~ sympatric species tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap (cause of diversifying selection) Ex: Darwin’s finch beak size on the Galapagos Islands

Predation defense Cryptic (camouflage) coloration Aposematic (warning) coloration Plant toxins Mimicry ~ superficial resemblance to another species √ Batesian~ palatable/ harmless species mimics an unpalatable/ harmful model √ Mullerian~ 2 or more unpalatable, aposematically colored species resemble each other

Herbivory Herbivores – insects have chemical sensors on their feet, herbivores can only eat certain parts of the plant, use sense of smell to distinguish between palatable plants, adapted digestion system Plants have thorns or chemical toxins to deter predators

Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship.

Symbiosis Commensalism – one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Symbiosis Parasitism – one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

Competition Limited resources cause competition Dominant species – highest biomass, best suited for acquiring resources (if taken out usually no great effect) – Ex. Chestnut tree in North America Keystone species – exert strong control in community (if taken out large affect) – Ex. Sea stars, sea otters

Foundation species – change the make-up of an environment (Ex. Beaver) Facilitator – helps improve the reproduction and survival of other species

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Moderate levels of disturbance (fire, flood, drought, overgrazing) will lead to the most species diversity Low levels – dominant species could take over High levels – will exceed species tolerance levels and they will die

Disturbance & Succession Communities are constantly changing after disturbances (storms, fire, etc) - nonequilibrium Ecological succession~ transition in species composition over ecological time (usually after a disturbance) Primary~ begun in lifeless area; no soil, perhaps volcanic activity or retreating glacier Secondary~ an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/demo/PrimarySuccession.html

Coevolution

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An organism’s location and role within an ecosystem is called its … Habitat Symbiosis Niche Community

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 1.83 taylor still 1.94 ashton looney 2.03 aubrey michel 2.31 sarah torres 2.39 evan rolley

When 2 species compete, the niche that each organism ultimately occupies is called its … Competitive niche Realized niche Fundamental niche Exclusive niche

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 3.66 brian yu 3.92 michael molano 3.98 Participant 448E8 7.97 taylor still 8.98 anneka decaro

This is the symbiotic relationship when 1 organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected. Predation Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 2.64 taylor still 3.42 ashton looney 3.87 brian yu 3.89 katie berry 4.05 paige prevelige

What type of event would likely cause secondary succession to happen afterwards? Volcanic eruption Forest fire Glaciers receding

Fastest Responders (in seconds) 2.25 taylor still 12.81 jisselle martinez 21.75 abby moore