Bellringer: 3/16 & 3/17 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Take ~5 minutes to review for your quiz today.

After the quiz… Update your ToC: 118: Quiz – Islam, Islamic Civilization, & African Empires 119: Notes: Nation-States – England Write down your HW: Read pages 341 (start at “Evolution of European Kingdoms”) to 345 (stop at “Slavic Peoples…”) in your DUIKER textbook and take notes Write your Dark Ages response (1-2 paragraphs)  will be collected next class!

Agenda: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Bellringer – Quiz Review 2. Quiz: Islam, Islamic Civilizations, and African Empires 3. Notes: Nation-States - England

Nation-States: England

Geography: Where is England? Island nation Where? Located off western coast of continental Europe Climate: Mild Topography: Plains and hills in the south, highlands to the north Major river: Thames (goes through London)

Where does England stand at the start of the Middle Ages? Britain = former province of Roman Empire Late 400s: Western ½ of Rome falls  Britain invaded by Anglos, Saxons Establish small kingdoms across island Kingdoms = threatened by the Vikings

Vikings Defeated, England United King Alfred of Wessex defeats Viking invaders How? Builds walls, high fortifications to hurt Viking war strategy Becomes known as King Alfred the Great Creates/unites the Anglo-Saxon kingdom

Enter William the Conqueror French by birth (from region of Normandy) Titled as Duke of Normandy Successful military leader

Succession Conflict: Who will rule England? King Edward of England dies  2 people claim the right to the throne Harold Godwinson William, Duke of Normandy English noble Cousin of King Edward Believed the throne should fall to him

Succession Conflict: Who will rule England? Battle of Hastings (1066): William vs. Harold William = victorious, becomes known as “William the Conqueror” Crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066 The Normans now in control of England (RIP Anglo-Saxon kingdom)

England under William the Conqueror: Normans = in charge now  Anglo-Saxons resent Normans, their loss of power BUT: Parts of Anglo-Saxon culture are maintained (similar governments, continued to speak their language, which becomes modern English) William gives land in England to Norman soldiers to control Helps him put down any local rebellions by Anglo-Saxons Encourages interactions between Anglo- Saxons and Normans  results in marriages, etc. Performs first census in England since Roman times Called the “Domesday Book”  counted people, animals, etc.

Enter King Henry II of England King of England: 1154-1189 What does Henry II do? Used English laws to increase his own power as king Creates the common law system Central court system created Lawyers and judges trained to insure fair trials Trial by jury introduced

Enter King John of England King of England: 1199-1216 Son of Henry II Becomes king after his brother, Richard the Lion-Hearted, dies Places really high taxes on the people 1215: Forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) Limits the king’s power, establishes Parliament, gives power the people, “no taxation without representation”, introduced habeas corpus Influences Western governments/laws (like in the U.S.)

England vs. France: The Hundred Years War Begins When? 1337-1453 Who fights? France and England Why does it start? Tension between France and England builds up over time Fight for 100+ years over land, trade route access, Scotland, etc. The “spark”: King Edward III claims he should be king of both England AND France  France’s king doesn’t like this Major battle: Battle of Agincourt (1413) Outcome? France is eventually able to push English forces out of French lands back to England The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and lasted from 1337 to 1453. The war was a series of battles with long periods of peace in between. How did it start? Small disputes and battles had been going on between the French and the English for years. However, in 1337, King Edward III of England claimed that he was the rightful king of France. This began the long battle between the two countries. Other disputes kept the fighting going for over one hundred years. These included the control of the valuable wool trade, disputes over certain areas of land, and the support for Scotland by the French.  Read more at: http://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/hundred_years_war.php This text is Copyright © Ducksters. Do not use without permission.

England in the Middle Ages: A Summary Rome falls  Invasions Anglo-Saxons develop kingdom under Alfred the Great William the Conqueror becomes king of England in 1066 after Battle of Hastings Common law starts under Henry II King John signs the Magna Carta, limiting the king’s power and giving more power to Parliament/the people Hundred Years’ War = fight between France and England England France Spain

Bellringer: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Take ~5 minutes to review for your quiz today.

Agenda: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Bellringer – Quiz Review 2. Quiz: Islam, Islamic Civilizations, and African Empires 3. Notes: Nation-States - England

Nation-States: France

Geography: Where is France? Where? Located in western Europe between Spain and Germany Climate: Dependent on where you are in France Topography: Mountains in the SE, coastal in the S/N/NW, plains in central France Major river: Seine (goes through Paris)

Where does France stand towards the end of the Middle Ages? Last Carolingian king dies in the 900s CE (ruler is no longer related to Charlemagne now) New dynasty established by Hugh Capet Capital established in Paris Hugh Capet elected king of France in 987 AD (after last Carolingian king died out) Capitol in Paris

How does the Capetian dynasty gain power? 1. Political marriages 2. Conquest (war) 3. Took land from nobles after they died How did they consolidate (collect/gain) power? Married into families of nobility Conquest (war) Took land from dead nobles

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) What do you need to know? Cause: Multiple claims to the French throne New technologies: Longbow, cannon = make castles and cavalry useless Result: France wins, England pushed out of French territory, France = unified under a single king (Charles) What you need to know: Cause: Multiple claims to French throne, Edward III of England and Philip VI of France New weapons (longbow and cannon) made castles and cavaly useless France wins. English expelled. Joan of Arc hailed as French hero. France becomes unified under single king.

Joan of Arc: Hero of the Hundred Years’ War Born in 1412 in France Very religious from an early age Begins seeing visions during adolescence Claims her life/visions are inspired by God Born January 6, circa 1412 in Domremy, France Parents were Jacques and Isabelle d’Arc Born the middle of 5 children Argumentative nature and incredible common sense. Very religious from an early age Began seeing visions at age 12 or 13 Verbal and visible St. Catherine of Alexandria, St. Margaret of Antioch, and Archangel Michael Directed her religious life until age 16

Joan of Arc Goes to War Convinces French king of her visions Given role in French military Institutes army reforms  more Frenchmen volunteer for the army Bans swearing, prostitution Required soldiers to make confession to Roman Catholic priests

Battle of Orleans When: April 25, 1428 Goal: Lift the English siege on the city of Orleans Result: Victory  increased support for the French army Joan of Arc is declared divinely inspired Charles is declared king of France at the city of Reims Advised Charles Travel to Reims to be crowned In the middle of English-held lands

Joan of Arc: Capture, Trial, Death Claims to have heard voices warning her of capture Captured by the English King Charles tries to retrieve her Held in prison awaiting her trial Trial discussed the “divine inspiration” behind her actions Her religious knowledge is questioned (are the vision legitimate?) Convicted of cross-dressing, being a heretic Dies in city of Rouen Burned at the stake publically Was 19 years old at the time of her death Prison account of eyewitness Declared a “Relapsed Heretic” Tied to a pillar visible by the crowd in the marketplace of Rouen Cried out for Jesus Many English were afraid of damnation for her burning. Joan was 19 years old