Day 88 Objectives Analyze the political gains earned by the Civil Rights movement for African Americans Evaluate how the Civil Rights movement was able to achieve ESP goals

The Movement by 1966 NAACP CORE SCLC SNCC Who has been left out? What injustices have not been addressed? What methods have not been used? NAACP CORE SCLC SNCC Rural and South Legal methods and nonviolence Social with desegregation and Political with voting…but not economic and urban What ESP injustices from the W.S. Paradigm did we destroy? What methods did we use successfully? Who did we represent within the black community?

African Americans in 1966 69% lived in cities 45% lived outside the South >50% of nonwhites lived in poverty Black unemployment was 2x that of whites

Other issues to grapple De jure segregation has been addressed De facto segregation in the North… Job Discrimination Housing Discrimination Education Discrimination Affirmative action What 2 words get introduced? “AA”

Context influenced different Issues, Methods, POVs, and Goals for blacks in the North versus the South What about me and my people? What about us?

Within this context, a different approach (method) emerges…

Black Power Past stewards? FD (Slave Power) Marcus Garvey Piranhas argue Why? SNCC & CORE become more radical over time Black Nationalist tradition that goes back to slavery Many forms, but all agreed… Interracial cooperation Increased awareness of racial distinctiveness Black Pride!!... Dress, hair, names 1968 Summer Olympics Gold = Tommie Smith Bronze = John Carlos Silver = Aussie…Peter Norman wore the badge in solidarity with the Americans

Nation of Islam Founded in 1931 by Elijah Muhammed I join in 1964. Founded in 1931 by Elijah Muhammed Taught blacks to be self-reliant, disciplined, observant of a strict code of behavior and reject dependence on whites

1925-1965 Childhood… Method… Success with NOI… Fallout with NOI 1964… Worse racism in urban Lansing MI than in KKK Omaha NE!!! High School teacher  Method… Did not advocate for violence but insisted that black people had to defend themselves, violently if necessary, from those who assaulted them Success with NOI… Fallout with NOI 1964… By any means necessary

el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz Travels to North Africa, Middle East and Europe Hajj to Mecca Converted to traditional Islam & changed his name New Viewpoints and Methods discovered Less angry and more optimistic about the USA’s chances at a peaceful resolution to the nation’s racial problems Put American Civil Rights Movement within greater context of the global Anti-Colonial struggle Endorsed Socialism and Pan-Africanism https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=malcolm+x+returns+from+mecca

February 21, 1965 Assassinated by 3 men who were NOI members Conspiracy theories on Elijah Muhammed and Louis Farrakhan Early reactions to his death were negative The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley then changes the mood towards him

Closing Discussion “Dr. King was a political revolution. Malcolm X was a cultural revolution.” Assess the validity of this statement What details from the readings support your stances? What is missing from the movement today? How would we be involved? Why am I so beloved and he is so disliked? Or is the quote in reverse?

Violent Methods Emerge

Chicago 1966 Housing Discrimination march… American Nazi party leader George Lincoln Rockwell and MLK

Harlem…Summer 1964 Small compared to what is to come

Watts LA…Summer 1965 Started white police officer hitting protesting black bystender 10,000 participants National Guard needed 34 dead

34 Riots in the Summer 1966

8 Riots in the Summer 1967