The first seedless vascular plants ________. are also known as charophytes are represented by fossil species such as desmids and stonewort were rhyniophytes such as Cooksonia and Psilophyton were microscopic free-living cells 1 2 3

The species that gave rise to plants were ________. mosses liverworts hornworts green algae 1 2 3

Select the correct statement about the life cycle of land plants. a gametophyte is a haploid multicellular plant in which haploid gametes form a sporophyte is a diploid multicellular plant which produces diploid spores haploid gametes produced by the gametophyte fuse to produce a haploid zygote the gametophyte is the dominant generation in angiosperms and gymnosperms 1 2 3

Seeds arose in the common ancestor of ________. horsetails and ferns gymnosperms and angiosperms lycophytes and other vascular groups bryophytes and lycophytes 1 2 3

In the bryophyte life cycle, ________. the haploid gametophyte grows out of, and is nourished by, the diploid sporophyte male gametophytes produce pollen grains which are transferred to the female gametophytes by insects the diploid sporophyte grows out of the haploid gametophyte, and then produces haploid spores by meiosis adaptations to land make it possible for fertilization to occur without water 1 2 3

The liverwort Marchantia produces gemmae, which ________. anchor the plant in place of roots live in tiny cups on the plant body until they are splashed out by raindrops and develop into new plants consist of green, ribbonlike tissue making up the plant body produce female gametes involved in sexual reproduction 1 2 3

Strobili are ________. scalelike leaves at the stem nodes of horsetails horizontal, absorptive, underground stems of whisk ferns spore-producing structures on the tips of Psilotum stems conelike reproductive structures of lycophytes and horsetails 1 2 3

In the fern life cycle, ________. the inconspicuous gametophyte produces both sperm and eggs, which fertilize to form a diploid zygote the dominant generation is the gametophyte haploid spores are produced by the gametophyte sori are sperm-producing structures on the underside of the mature gametophyte 1 2 3

Coal ________. is primarily the remains of dinosaurs that lived in the Jurassic is derived from early seedless vascular plants that lived in the Silurian deposits are the result of sea level changes alternately submerging and exposing forests during the Carboniferous is considered a renewable resource because it is still being formed beneath forests today 1 2 3

Calamites, which grew up to twenty meters tall during the Carboniferous, are related to today's ________. club moss pine trees ferns horsetails 1 2 3

Which of the following statements about the relationship of humans to seed plants is false? evidence shows that Homo erectus hoarded wild food in caves and roasted seeds as long as 500 million years ago humans regularly cultivate 3000 species as crops humans, like pollinating insects, have been recruited by plants to aid in their propagation and dispersal seeds we use as food are actually mature ovules 1 2 3

Cycads ________. were diverse in the past, but today include only one surviving species, Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree are represented by a single species of Welwitschia that lives in deserts of Africa are cone-bearing evergreens including fir, spruce, and juniper. have pollen-bearing strobili and seed-bearing strobili on separate plants 1 2 3

The oldest tree is a cycad gnetophyte conifer ginkgo 1 2 3

Which statement about the life cycle of a conifer is false? a single pine tree bears only male or only female cones the mature sporophyte produces female cones with megaspore-containing ovules on tips of cone scales a pine's pollen-bearing cones are called strobili all of the choices 1 2 3

In the Mesozoic, conifers and other gymnosperms ________. declined after a major adaptive radiation of angiosperms declined before a major adaptive radiation of angiosperms increased in number despite competition from angiosperms evolved into angiosperms 1 2 3

The most ancient of the following groups of flowering plants are the ________. water lilies magnoliids monocots eudicots 1 2 3

Double fertilization in the angiosperm life cycle means that ________. each of two sperm nuclei will fertilize one of the two eggs in the female gametophyte in the female gametophyte, meiosis is followed by double rounds of mitosis without cytoplasmic division one of the sperm nuclei will fertilize the egg and the other will fertilize the endosperm-producing cell in the ovule, the endosperm-producing cell has two nuclei before fertilization 1 2 3

In angiosperms, the mature male gametophyte is ________. the pollen tube a pollen grain an inconspicuous heart-shaped plant a few centimeters across, often found in the soil near the sporophyte the strobilus 1 2 3

Kenyan Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 for her work ________. vaccinating African children developing pest-resistant strains of crops supporting women's rights and planting trees freeing child soldiers from their captors 1 2 3

If tropical forests are deforested, ________. people can use the land for generations to grow crops and raise animals sparse dry grasslands or deserts may replace the rainforest the exposed soil beneath is rich in humus and organic matter more incoming sunlight is absorbed by the earth 1 2 3