Legumes for better crops Angelo Loi

The NITROGEN story How much N do these legumes fix ? Are they all the same? Are they fixing enough N for a crop? How many crops can I grow ? ……….

20 kg of Urea / t DM of pasture legume produced, will be available the next year …As long as the legume is well nodulated

Result  Bacterial fingerprint unique for each rhizobia Mass-to-charge ratio Relative intensity (%) MALDI-TOF spectrum ID Nodule … suspension … 3x wash … spotting … spectra acquisition … ID within minutes 400μl H2O Centrifuge + Wash Because traditional isolation of rhizobia is a tedious and time consuming job, we developed MALDIID which allows ID directly from nodules. Here I present the workflow of this technique, which Starts with quashing the nodules in water, then washing with centrifugation to get rid of root tissue, spotting on a maldi plate and acquiring the spectra This provides us with an ID within minutes and enables the investigation of large collection of nodules. Result  Bacterial fingerprint unique for each rhizobia

Rhizobia identification directly from the nodule Our new tool allows: Rhizobia identification directly from the nodule Quick feedback on inoculation success: sample deposit to results in 14 days Cost effective: reliable rhizobia ID for $70 per sample For more information regarding sample collection, shipping, ordering and payment methods: www.maldiid.com Contact Sofie De Meyer 0451505456 sofiedemeyer@maldiid.com info@maldiid.com So our new tool allows us to identify the rhizobia directly from the nodule without the need for culturing and therefore allows us to provide quick feedback to the farmers on the inoculation success.

20 kg of Urea / t DM of pasture legume produced, will be available the next year 2016 Legume 5t/DM/ha 2017 Crop 100/Urea/ha 2018 Crop 100/Urea/ha 2019 Crop 100/Urea/ha …As long as the legume is well nodulated

If there is no response = No need for extra Nitrogen Nitrogen trials to investigate crop (wheat & barley) response to organic nitrogen (biserrula, serradella, bladder clover). No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha If there is no response = No need for extra Nitrogen

Esperance - Gibson 2013- a) Cadiz French serradella, b) no serradella 2014 - Wheat pH (CaCl2): 4.8 No S +Ser Amm N: 2 2.1 Nitr N: 7 20.3 Org. Car. % 1.32 1.35 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Plus serradella Yield Protein t/ha % 3.9 11.4 No serradella 2.2 11.5 Plus serradella Yield Protein t/ha % 4.2 12.2 No serradella 3.1 12.1 Plus serradella Yield Protein t/ha % 2.8 13.0 No serradella 2.9 12.0 Plus serradella Yield Protein t/ha % 3.6 13.5 No serradella 3.0 13.2 Plus serradella Yield Protein t/ha % 3.3 14.1 No serradella 3.4 13.4 Lsd (P=0.05);Yield = 1.03, Protein%= 1.3

4.3 11.8 4.4 11.0 4.4 11.6 4.3 11.5 No N Urea 50 kg/ha Urea 100 kg/ha Wheat (Mace) pH (CaCl2): 4.9 Amm N: 8 Nitr N: 34 P: 30 K: 77 S: 13 Org. Car. % 1.17 Location : Cunderdin : Sub clover LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 4.3 11.8 4.4 11.0 4.4 11.6 4.3 11.5 Urea 50 kg/ha Urea 100 kg/ha Urea 150 kg/ha Urea 200 kg/ha No N

Wheat (Mace) pH (CaCl2): 5.3 Amm N: 3 Nitr N: 76 P: 72 K: 80 S: 41 Org. Car. % 1.86 Location : Brookton : French serradella LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Urea 50 kg/ha Urea 100 kg/ha Urea 150 kg/ha Urea 200 kg/ha No N Yield Protein t/ha % 5.0 10.0 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.2 10.2 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.7 10.3 Yield Protein t/ha % 5.4 11.0 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.8 10.3

: Wheat (Calingiri) pH (CaCl2): 5.5 Amm N: 1.0 Nitr N: 21 P: 27 K: 45 S: 7.7 Org. Car. % 1.14 Location : Dandaragan : Serradella mix LSD P= 0.05: Yield 0.9; Prot %: 1.2 Urea 50 kg/ha Urea 100 kg/ha Urea 150 kg/ha Urea 200 kg/ha No N Yield Protein t/ha % 4.6 10.1 Yield Protein t/ha % 3.9 10.2 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.2 10.5 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.5 10.9 Yield Protein t/ha % 4.6 10.3

2015 Wheat grain yields and protein % after growing bladder clover in 2014 at Babakin.   Control No Nitrogen Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha LSD (P=0.05) Yield t/ha 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.9 0.5 Protein % 11.0 11.2 13.5 14.2 16.2 0.7 Wheat grain yields and protein % after growing biserrula in 2014 at Ardath   Control No Nitrogen Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha LSD (P=0.05) Yield t/ha 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.2 2.8 0.6 Protein % 13.9 12.5 13.8 14.1 15.9 0.7

Is the model true? ? ? 5t/DM/ha 2016 Legume 2017 Crop 100/Urea/ha 2018 2019 ? ? Is the model true?

Trials 2016: Lake king Chapman Valley Scaddan

Lake King 2015: Biserrula 2016: Wheat Yield t/ha Amm N Nitr N Paddock 1 2015: Biserrula 2016: Wheat Amm N Nitr N 0-10cm 1.3 3.0 10-20 1.0 1.3 20-30 1.0 1.3 30-40 1.0 1.7 pH (CaCl2): 5.2 Org. Car. % 0.8   Control No Nitrogen Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Yield t/ha Protein % Nitrogen Trial

Chapman Valley 2013: Biserrula 2014: Oats 2014: Biserrula Paddock 1 2015: Biserrula 2016: Wheat Paddock 3 2013: Biserrula 2014: Oats 2015: Canola 2016: Wheat Paddock 2 2014: Biserrula 2015: Canola 2016: Wheat Amm N Nitr N 0-10cm 1.3 22.7 10-20 1.0 26.7 20-30 1.0 19.3 30-40 1.0 8.3 pH (CaCl2): 5.8 Org. Car. % 0.7 Amm N Nitr N 0-10 2.3 13.0 10-20 1.7 14.0 20-30 1.7 11.7 30-40 1.0 6.7 pH (CaCl2): 4.7 Org. Car. % 0.6 Amm N Nitr N 0-10 5.7 35.7 10-20 3.7 27.7 20-30 1.7 20.3 30-40 1.3 11.3 pH (CaCl2): 5.5 Org. Car. % 0.7   Control No Nitrogen Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Yield t/ha Protein % Nitrogen Trial

Scaddan 2013: Medics 2014: Wheat 2015: Wheat 2016: Barley 2015: Medics Paddock 1 2015: Medics 2016: Wheat Paddock 2 2013: Medics 2014: Wheat 2015: Wheat 2016: Barley Amm N Nitr N 0-10cm 1.7 22.3 10-20 1.7 29.3 20-30 1.7 30.3 30-40 1.3 25.7 pH (CaCl2): 7.8 Org. Car. % 1.7 Amm N Nitr N 0-10cm 1.7 28.7 10-20 1.7 20.3 20-30 1.3 24.0 30-40 1.0 30.7 pH (CaCl2): 7.6 Org. Car. % 2.0   Control No Nitrogen Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Yield t/ha Protein % Nitrogen Trial

Lake King Paddock 1 2015: Biserrula 2016: Wheat Total N= 11.6 Kg/ha LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 3.4 10.9 3.2 10.4 3.0 11.0 3.4 11.0 3.0 11.4 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha

Total biserrula biomass : DM 10t/ha Chapman Valley Biserrula Casbah 2015 (Trial 1:1) Total biserrula biomass : DM 10t/ha

Chapman Valley Wheat 2016

Chapman Valley Paddock 1 2015: Biserrula 2016: Wheat Total N= 81.3 kg/ha LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 5.1 10.1 5.2 10.8 4.7 11.2 5.1 11.2 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Zadoks 55 DM 6.4 t/ha 6.3 5.6 6.3 5.9

Paddock 2 2014: Biserrula 2015: Canola 2016: Wheat Chapman Valley Total N= 52.1 kg/ha LSD P= 0.05: n.s Yield Protein t/ha % 5.4 11.3 5.2 11.4 5.0 11.3 4.9 11.6 4.7 11.8 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Zadoks 55 DM 5.0 t/ha 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.9

Chapman Valley Paddock 3 2013: Biserrula 2014: Oats 2015: Canola 2016: Wheat Total N= 107.4 kg/ha LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 4.4 10.7 4.4 10.7 4.2 10.7 4.4 10.9 4.8 10.7 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Zadoks 55 DM 4.7 t/ha 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.0

Paddock 1 2015: Medics 2016: Wheat Scaddan Total N= 114 mg/kg LSD P= 0.05: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 4.3 11.2 4.1 11.7 4.2 12.2 4.3 12.9 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha 4.6 10.9 Zadoks 55 DM 7.0 t/ha 7.4 6.7 7.9 7.8

Paddock 1 2013: Medic 2014 Wheat 2015 Wheat 2016: Barley Scaddan Total N= 109.4 mg/kg LSD P= 0.05: Yield : 0.8 Prot: n.s. Yield Protein t/ha % 5.4 11.1 4.9 10.9 5.2 10.6 4.7 12.2 4.0 12.5 No N Urea 50 kg/ha 100 kg/ha 150 kg/ha 200 kg/ha Zadoks 55 DM 6.9 t/ha 7.2 7.6 7.3 7.1

- 100 to 200 kg N can be fixed in an ‘average’ legume pasture - N15 studies show that 99% of legume N is fixed

Excellent extension exercise Estimate correctly the legume biomass t/ha (DM) is very important Simple extension package

- Farmer confidence - Correct inputs for the model

Lake King 2016 Summer sowing Margurita French serradella Imazethapyr (100g/ha) and Propyzamide 1l/ha as p.s.p.e. Sheep (Serradella biomass 10t/ha ungrazed, 5t/ha grazed) Weed wiper in spring

Best rotation ? etc…………………… Lake King 2016 Pasture Wheat Barley Pasture Pasture Wheat Wheat Barley Pasture Pasture Canola Wheat Barley Pasture etc……………………

Thanks Mob. 0429 378 279