UNIT 9 Computer architecture Ies Arabuleila Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Computer architecture Hardware and Software Hardware the physical, tangible parts of a computer keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc. Software programs and data a program is a series of instructions A computer requires both hardware and software Each is essentially useless without the other Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Computer architecture All computers have the same structure *Input / Output Devices introduce or show results *Memory It stores the Information Monitor Keyboard Main Memory Central Processing Unit *CPU Processes the data. Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Computer architecture Digital Information The smallest data unit in computers is the bit. Information units 1byte (B) = 8 bits e.g.(00110001) 1kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes 1megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB 1gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Computer architecture For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation. Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters. For example the word hello is stored h → 10410 = 011010002 e → 10110 = 011001012 l → 10810 = 011011002 o→ 11110 = 011011112 Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Computer architecture The inside of PC Storage units. Power supply. Expansion cards. RAM memory. Main board. Microprocessor. executes program commands. Chipset (control, input/output devices). BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program. Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives…. Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit (CPU) A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle: fetch Retrieve an instruction from main memory decode Determine what the instruction is execute Carry out the instruction Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

The Central Processing Unit Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The CPU contains: Performs calculations and makes decisions Arithmetic / Logic Unit Coordinates processing steps Control Unit Small storage areas Registers Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

The Central Processing Unit Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Microprocessor system Main characteristics clock frequency. data size. number of transistors. power or energy consumed. operations per second. memory that can process. Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

MAIN MEMORY PARTS OF THE MAIN MEMORY. RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data and programs The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program) RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration. Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for immediate use Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Microprocessor system Input / Output Devices I/O devices facilitate user interaction Monitor Keyboard Central Processing Unit Main Memory Monitor screen Keyboard Mouse Joystick Bar code scanner Touch screen Floppy Disk Hard Disk Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Microprocessor system System bus: Communicates, the above components. Inpunt/Output Devices Central Processing Unit Main Memory Bus Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Microprocessor system Bus model Characteristic: Data bus: transmits information Address bus: transmits address Control bus: indicates the operation, that needs doing Inpunt/Output Devices Main Memory Central Processing Unit SYSTEM BUS Computer architecture - Part1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Microprocessor system The evolution of microprocessors Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

A Computer Specification Consider the following specification for a personal computer: 2.8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor 512 MB RAM 80 GB Hard Disk 48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive 17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution 56 Kb/s Modem What does it all mean? Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018

Ies Arabuleila Cúllar Vega Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - PartII D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 6/2/2018