Lesson Starter What is the meaning of a “true breeding” organism? A male mouse which is homozygous dominant for a black coat (BB) is crossed with a female mouse which is homozygous recessive for a white coat (bb)- what will the GENOTYPE and PHENOTYPE be of the f1 offspring? Two members of the F1 offspring are then crossed- what will the possible gene combinations be of the F2 offspring? What does the term HETROZYGOUS mean?

Growth and Development

To learn about growth and development in plants Learning Intention To learn about growth and development in plants

How do plants grow? http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zpgb4wx

The process where a plant grows from a seed Germination What is germination? The process where a plant grows from a seed

What 3 factors affect germination? http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z4htsbk

What 3 factors affect germination? Water Oxygen Warmth

Temperature and germination Plants grow best at their OPTIMUM temperature What is the optimum temperature? 20°C If temperature is too hot or too cold- few seeds germinate

Plant growth: copy Germination is when the seed starts to grow into a plant It requires Water, Oxygen and Warmth The optimum temperature for germination is 20°C

Copy graph and describe the trend in seed germination Percentage of seeds germinating increases steadily till 20°C but after optimum starts to decrease

Factors affecting plant growth More than just water, oxygen and warmth What else do you think could affect growth and development of plants? -Light (photosynthesis) -pH of soil -Space (competition) -Shelter (weather)- what could protect the plants from shelter? -other nutrients

Nutrients and Minerals: copy Plants need other elements to grow and develop properly Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium and Magnesium These elements are essential for plants to make the compounds they need. Without these, plants would be unhealthy and would be unable to grow un certain areas. Different plants need more/less of the chemicals- the types of plants growing in a certain area can indicate what elements are in the soil What can be added to the soil to ensure plants get the nutrients they need? FERTILISERS

Task 1 Use the information sheets to complete the table about the nutrients needed by plants

Mineral Deficiency Description of the plant What is the mineral for? Potassium Phosphorus Nitrogen Magnesium

Description of the plant What is the mineral for? Mineral Deficiency Description of the plant What is the mineral for? Potassium older leaves display potassium deficiency first Potassium is also needed for protein synthesis, and the opening and closing of the stomata. Phosphorus poor growth and leaves that turn blue/green (but not yellow). used for energy transfer, photosynthesis, nutrient movement, and reproduction Nitrogen Leaves are pale green or yellow because they are unable to make sufficient chlorophyll to make chlorophyll. Magnesium to premature ageing of plant cells. the production of chlorophyll.

Magnesium Magnesium is necessary for the production of chlorophyll. Without the chlorophyll, the plant leaf cannot photosynthesise (make it’s own food). Lack of magnesium can lead to premature ageing of plant cells. Older leaves often show magnesium deficiency first, as it is easily transferred from leaf to leaf when it is not bound to chlorophyll.

Phosphorus Phosphorus is found in every living plant cell. It is used for energy transfer, photosynthesis, nutrient movement, and reproduction. Lack of phosphorous means poor growth and leaves that turn blue/green (but not yellow). Oldest leaves are affected first.  Fruits are small and acid tasting. The undersides of leaves, and the veins and stems, may turn purple.

Potassium Potassium is needed in the cytoplasm of plant cells so that reactions can occur. Potassium is also needed for protein synthesis, and the opening and closing of the stomata. Potassium is easily moved between cells so older leaves display potassium deficiency first as it is moved to younger leaves.

Nitrogen Plants use nitrogen to make chlorophyll. A lack of chlorophyll means that the plant can’t photosynthesise so it can’t make food to grow. Leaves are pale green or yellow because they are unable to make sufficient chlorophyll.

What can be added to the soil to help plants? Nutrients in soil Nutrients are added to soil when plants die or leaves fall. When crops are harvested, they are removed from the ground so this does not happen. In this case the soil will not contain the nutrients needed for healthy plants. What can be added to the soil to help plants? Fertilisers contain the nutrients needed by plants to grow Different fertilisers contain different ratios of nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorous and potassium and so different fertilisers are better for different jobs

Task 2 Explain which fertiliser you would use and why to: Improve photosynthesis Stop premature aging of plants Improve protein synthesis in plants Muck and magic fertilizer as it has the highest percentage of Nitrogen (15%) Fast plant fertilizer as it has the highest percentage of Magnesium (oxide)- 4.5% Fruitful general purpose fertilizer as it has the highest percentage of Potassium (oxide)- 27%

Fertilisers: copy Fertilisers can be added to soil to replace the nutrients lost when plants are harvested Different fertilisers contain different ratios of nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorous and potassium- some are better at particular jobs than others

Fertilisers: disadvantages Increasing population- more food needed Too much fertiliser- pollute water supply and cause eutrophication Homework: Find (and write) the meaning of the word EUTROPHICATION Eutrophication A major problem with the use of fertilisers occurs when they are washed off the land by rainwater into rivers and lakes. The increase of nitrate or phosphate in the water encourages the growth of algae. The algae form a bloom over the water surface. This prevents sunlight reaching other water plants, which then die. Bacteria break down the dead plants and as they respire these bacteria use up the oxygen in the water causing most other living organisms to die.

What is germination? The process where a plant grows from a seed

What 3 things are required for germination? Water Oxygen Warmth

What is meant by the term “optimum temperature” The temperature at which the highest percentage of plants germinate

What is the optimum temperature for germination 20 degrees celcius

Why is it important that plants have space? To reduce competition for water, light, nutrients etc

Why do plants need light For photosynthesis-making food

What are the 4 other main elements plants need? Magnesium, Nitrogen, Potassium and phosphorous

What can be added to soil to improve the concentration of the nutrients needed? Fertilisers

Predict the height of the tree after 2 months 15cm 61cm 92cm 152cm

Predict the height of the tree after 2 months 15cm 61cm 62-91cm 92cm 152cm

Calculate how much taller the tree is after 8 months (compared to when it was planted) 15cm 61cm 62-91cm 92cm 152cm

Calculate how much taller the tree is after 8 months (compared to when it was planted) 15cm 61cm 62-91cm 92cm 152cm 152-15= 137cm