Europeans Establish Colonies Origins of a New Nation Europeans Establish Colonies

Spain’s Empire in the Americas During the sixteenth century, Spain created a great empire in the Americas by conquering and colonizing the lands in the Caribbean as well as large portions of North and South America. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain’s Empire in the Americas The Spanish empire in the Americas was rich with gold and silver. The plantations created by the Spanish colonists created an extremely profitable trading relationship with Spain and West Africa. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain’s Empire in the Americas The potential for great wealth motivated other European nations to join the quest for colonies in the Americas. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Conflicts and The Age of Exploration Quick Review: Religion and religious conflicts played a major role in shaping the history of Europe and the Americas. The Crusades reintroduced the Christian Europeans to the wealth and riches of the Muslim world and Asia. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Conflicts and The Age of Exploration The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon joined to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian peninsula to form Spain (1492). The conflict and rivalry with the Muslim world and the desire for wealth (jewels, silks, spices,…etc.) from East Asia led to the Age of Exploration. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Conflicts and The Age of Exploration This desire for wealth led Portugal and Spain to seek new routes to Asia that avoided the Muslim world that encircled Europe (Portugal sailed along the coast of Africa and Spain sailed west, across the Atlantic). Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Conflicts and The Age of Exploration The conflicts with the Muslim world shaped the Spanish identity as staunch defenders of Christianity (Roman Catholicism). This lead to a religious zeal by the Spanish in which Native Americans were not thought worthy of possessing wealth and that they needed to be converted to Christianity. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict The wealth from the Americas allowed Spain to finance an aggressive military policy in Europe. This aggression alarmed the Dutch, French, and English, who sought their own share of the riches from the Americas. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict These nations probed the coast of North America seeking places where they might establish their own colonies. They also encouraged pirates to rob Spanish treasure ships. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict The Protestant Reformation, a movement began in Germany by a monk named Martin Luther, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church (1517). Luther and other dissenters become known as Protestants because they protested against the power of the pope and against the Church. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict These dissenters viewed the pope and the church as being corrupt and materialistic. Although reformers had many complaints about the Roman Catholic Church of the 16th century, the practice of selling “indulgences” raised the most opposition. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict An indulgence was a payment to the Roman Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins. The Protestant Reformation became the second split of the Christian Church. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict The “Schism of 1054,” also called the East—West Schism, split the Eastern Christian Churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople) and the Western Church (led by the pope of Rome). Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict Protestants favored the individual’s right to seek God by reading the Bible and by heeding ministers who delivered evangelical sermons. Without the unifying power of the pope. Protestants soon divided into many different denominations, including Lutherans, Calvinists, Baptists, Anglicans, and Quakers. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Religious Divisions Cause Conflict The Protestant movement spread throughout northern Europe, including the Netherlands and England. Spanish monarchs led the Roman Catholic effort to suppress Protestantism. Rival nations carried this conflict across the Atlantic to their new colonies in the Americas. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Influences of the Printing Press Quick Review: The invention of the printing press helped spread knowledge throughout Europe. In particular, it was pivotal in ushering in the Age of Exploration and the Protestant Reformation. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Influences of the Printing Press The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. The first mass produced or published Bible (Gutenberg Bible) was printed in various European languages. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Influences of the Printing Press Before this, all Christian Bibles were hand written in Latin or Greek. This aided in the spreading Protestant religions, which believed in individual interpretation of the Bible and a personal relationship with God. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Influences of the Printing Press Descriptions of far off lands, travels of Marco Polo, stories of Vikings exploration of the North Atlantic, and maps of the known world were also printed after the invention of the printing press. This exchange of knowledge was a hall mark of the Renaissance and pivotal in moving Europe into the Age of Exploration. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire Under Spanish rule, Native Americans were enslaved and forced to labor on large Spanish-owned plantations. They also were forced to mine for silver and gold. They suffered harsh treatment and were often beaten or worked to death. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire The Spanish king worried that the conquistadors killed too many Indians, who might otherwise have become tax-paying subjects. The king heeded priests such as Bartolome de Las Casas, who urged the royal government to adopt laws protecting Native Americans. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire Roman Catholic friars served as missionaries—people who work to convert others to their religion. These missionaries demanded that Native people abandon their traditions and culture in favor of Christian beliefs and Spanish culture. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire The missionaries forced the Native population to build churches and to work for them. The friars relied on Spanish soldiers who set up presidios, or forts, near the missions. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire The Spanish Crown divided the American empire into two immense regions, known as viceroyalty, each ruled by a viceroy appointed by the king. The viceroyalty of New Spain consisted of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. The viceroyalty of Peru included all of South America except Portuguese Brazil. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire Approximately 250,000 Spanish colonists, mostly men, immigrated across the Atlantic to the American empire. The male colonists generally took Indian wives. Children of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry became known as mestizos. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spain Organizes its American Empire As the Native American population declined from diseases, the mestizos became the largest segment of Spain’s colonial population by the eighteenth century. Next in proportion were enslaved African, especially in the Caribbean region. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Organizes its American Empire Spanish Colonial officials developed a complex system of racial hierarchy known as the castas. At the bottom lay the pure African and Native American. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explores Push North Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led expeditions into the lands north of Mexico (present-day United States). De Soto explores present-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. (1539 – 1542). Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explorers Push North After not finding riches (gold and silver), de Soto and his men destroyed fields and burned towns of the Native Americans of the Southeast. The lasting legacy of de Soto’s expedition was introducing new and deadly diseases to the Natives of that region. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explorers Push North Coronado marched north from Mexico into the Rio Grande valley in 1540 (present-day Texas). Unable to defeat the Spanish, the Pueblo Indians in the region tried to get rid of them by telling Coronado about a golden kingdom named Quivira (The Lost City of Gold). Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explorers Push North The Pueblos said this city was far to north in what is the Great Plaines of the United States. In Kansas, Coronado only found only villages inhabited by the Wichita Indians, who possessed neither gold nor silver. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explorers Push North Returning to the Rio Grande in a rage, the Spanish took a bloody revenge on the Pueblos before retreating to Mexico in 1542. Spain builds fortifications in Florida and north of the Rio Grande valley to create a buffer from the French and British colonies in the Americas. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

Spanish Explorers Push North Spain established the colony of New Mexico, with Santa Fe as the capital (after 1607). New Mexico’s colonial population stagnated because it was a poor colony that was too far away from Mexico. By 1638, the 2,000 colonists were greatly outnumbered by the 40,000 Pueblo Indians. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Pueblos Revolt Against the Spanish A prolonged drought (1660s – 1670s) reduced harvests to the point where many Pueblos Indians were starving. Disease, famine, and violence cut their population from 40,000 in 1638 to 17,000 by 1680. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Pueblos Revolt Against the Spanish The losses made it harder for the Pueblos to pay a tribute in labor and produce to the missionaries and colonists. In 1680 the Pueblos revolted under the leadership of a shaman named Pope. He encouraged a return to the traditional Pueblo culture and religion. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Pueblos Revolt Against the Spanish The Pueblos also drew support from the Apaches, who had their own scores to settle with the Hispanic slave traders. The Pueblo revolt was the greatest setback that the Native Americans ever inflicted on colonial expansion. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?

The Pueblos Revolt Against the Spanish After their victory, feuding between the Pueblos and fighting with the Apache allowed the Spanish to reconquer the territory of New Mexico. Essential Question: Who are we? Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas?