End of Vietnam
Review 1. Identify the Cold War President with his policy in Vietnam 2. What was Khe Sanh? 3. Explain the causes & effects of the Tet Offensive. 4. Discuss the candidates of the 1968 Presidential Election
Vietnamization “Peace with honor” Vietnamization Nixon & NSA Henry Kissinger plan secret peace negotiations Vietnamization Turn fighting over to S. Vietnamese Gradual withdraw of US troops Secretly expanded war > bombing Cambodia & Laos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLhZryqKVZM
Protests Nixon policy Kent State Jackson State Public reaction April 1970 announced troops in Cambodia > protests Kent State May 1970 Students set fire to ROTC 4 killed, 9 injured Jackson State 9 days later 2 killed, 9 injured Public reaction Shocked & horrified http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fopb-pr2mxM
My Lai Massacre March 1968 Massacre Lt William Calley led troops on a search & destroy mission No Vietcong found Massacre US troops killed 450 women, children, elderly men
Pentagon Papers NY Times 1971 Daniel Ellsberg Published secret government documents tracing US military in Vietnam since Truman Revealed government misled public Leak angered & embarrassed Nixon Daniel Ellsberg Leak (Dept. of Defense)
Election of 1972 Nixon v. George McGovern McGovern Outspoken critic of war 26th Amendment ’71 Voting age reduced from 21 to 18
End of U.S. Involvement Peace talks stalled Christmas Bombings Around-the-clock bombing of N. Vietnam cities Called off without major results Settlement Jan ’73 US withdraw troops & agree to help rebuild Vietnam Both sides release POW’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdNnTGCrku0
Legacy N. Vietnam 1975 (2 years after US troops left) > N. Vietnam invades S. & captures Saigon US rushed to evacuate Americans working in city April 30, 1975 South Vietnam surrendered Country reunified
Khmer Rouge Cambodia 1975 Communist forces (Khmer Rouge) controlled Cambodia Killed 2 million (1/4 population) Border dispute > Vietnam invaded in ’79 Installed puppet gov’t Vietnam occupied until ’89 when UN peace-keeping forces came
Effects on Vietnam 185,000 S. Vietnamese soldiers killed 450,000 S. Vietnamese civilians killed 1 million Vietcong troops killed Severe environmental damage
Effects in US 58,000 US troops killed $150 billion spent Survivors exposed to dangers defoliants Not welcomed upon return Trouble readjusting $150 billion spent Increased national debt & inflation War Powers Act 1973 Affirmed Congressional constitutional right to declare war Gave President 60-day limit on committing troops without special authority or declaration of war